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Biology Comp 1 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the chemical test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution. Orange -> blue/black

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2
Q

What’s the chemical test for reducing sugar?

A

Benedict’s reagent and boil. Blue -> red

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3
Q

What’s the chemical test for non-reducing sugar?

A

Acid, boil, neutralise, Benedict’s reagent, boil. Blue -> red

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4
Q

What’s the chemical test for protein?

A

Biuret solution added. Blue -> purple

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5
Q

What’s the chemical test for lipids?

A

Mix with ethanol and distilled water. Clear -> milky white

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6
Q

Role of carbohydrate triose

A

instant energy source

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7
Q

Role of carbohydrate glucose/ sucrose

A

transportable source of energy

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8
Q

Role of carbohydrate starch/ glycogen

A

Storage of glucose

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9
Q

Role of carbohydrate cellulose

A

Structural material

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10
Q

3 carbon monosaccharide

A

triose

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11
Q

6 carbon monosaccharide

A

hexose

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12
Q

What are the properties of monosaccharides?

A

Sweet taste. Soluble. Easily transported

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13
Q

Where is the changing OH group on alpha glucose?

A

facing down

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14
Q

Where is the changing OH group on beta glucose?

A

facing up

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15
Q

How is glucose transported?

A

Polar, soluble and in the blood plasma

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16
Q

What are the 4 inorganic ions and their uses?

A

Mg for chlorophyll in plants. Fe for haemoglobin- oxygen carrying pigment. PO4 for DNA and RNA. Ca for healthy bones and teeth

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17
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When two or more monomers are linked together by the chemical elimination of water forming a glycosidic bond

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18
Q

Glucose + Glucose -> ?

A

Maltose (disaccharide)

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19
Q

Glucose + fructose -> ?

A

sucrose (disaccharide)

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20
Q

Glucose + galactose-> ?

A

lactose (disaccharide)

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21
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Chemical addition of water that returns a returns a polymer back to the monomers it is made of

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22
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simple monomer sugars that are the building blocks for polysaccharides

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23
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides joined together to form a GLYCOSIDIC BOND

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24
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

large complex carbohydrates formed from 3 or more monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond

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25
Q

5 properties of polysaccharides

A

Massive size. Insoluble. Energy store. Strong. Can’t diffuse out of cell

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26
Q

What is the physical structure if glycogen and how does this helps it’s function?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds. Branched on 1-6 chains. allows quick release from hydrolysis. animals have higher metabolic requirement

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27
Q

What monomer is glycogen made from and whats it’s function?

A

ALPHA glucose. Animal storage- liver and muscle cells

28
Q

What molecules does starch consist of? what monomers are they made from?

A

amylose and amylopectin. both made from ALPHA glucose

29
Q

What is function of starch?

A

plant storage

30
Q

How does structure of amylose contribute to it’s function?

A

1,4 glycosidic bond. helix structure for greater stability that can compact for storage

31
Q

How does the structure of amylopectin contribute to it’s function?

A

Branched 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds. Easily hydrolysed for energy release.

32
Q

What is the function of cellulose and what monomer is it made from? what is it’s structure?

A

BETA glucose. 1,4 glycosidic bonds. every other molecule rotated 180º. plant structural carbohydrate

33
Q

What is the function of chitin and what monomer is it made from? what is it’s structure?

A

same as cellulose but addition of ACYl AMIDE (contains N). forms insect exoskeleton (strong-parallel chains crosslinked by H bonds, waterproof, light)

34
Q

What 3 compounds are lipids made of? polar or non-polar?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. non-polar

35
Q

6 functions of lipids

A

1) energy source/ store. 2) protects internal organs. 3) thermal insulation. 4) metabolic water. 5) waterproofing. 6) membranes

36
Q

Triglyceride (lipid) structure

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids. hydrophobic tails. can be saturated or unsaturated (low melting point)

37
Q

Reaction and bond in triglycerides

A

3 condensation reactions form 3 ester bonds

38
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate group. hydrophobic head, hydrophobic tails

39
Q

Micelle meaning

A

mix phospholipd with H2O, forms droplets with tails in

40
Q

liposome meaning

A

double layered phospholipid bilayer, traps water, cell membranes

41
Q

cholesterol function

A

found in all biological membranes between tails. helps to regulate fluidity/ strength of membrane

42
Q

lipoprotein meaning

A

soluble proteins combined with lipids in blood plasma (fat can’t dissolve in plasma)

43
Q

LDL definition

A

Low density lipoprotein

44
Q

LDL function

A

(BAD) diet high in saturated fat increases production. delivers fat round body. excess to artery walls = atheroma

45
Q

HDL meaning

A

High density lipoprotein

46
Q

HDL function

A

(GOOD) diet high in unsaturated fat increases production. removes excess LDL. reduce rate of atherosclerosis

47
Q

Amino acid structure

A

N-C-C (H-N-H amino group) (H-C-R chain) (O=C-OH carboxyl group)

48
Q

formation of dipeptide

A

condensation reaction. forms dipeptide + H2O. peptide bond formed. N-C-C-N-C-C + H2O

49
Q

Dipeptide meaning

A

2 amino acids joined by condensation reaction

50
Q

polypeptide meaning

A

3 or more amino acids joined by condensation reaction

51
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

sequence of amini acids held together by peptide bonds. assembled by translation

52
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

folding of primary structure due to interactions between amino acids. ALPHA HELIX or BETA PLEATED SHEET. peptide and weak hydrogen bonds present

53
Q

tertiary structure of protein (e.g. enzymes)

A

folding of secondary structure into 3D shape. DISULPHIDE BONDS- sulphers in R group. IONIC BONDS- charged R groups. HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS- non polar R groups

54
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

association of several tertiary polypeptide chains

55
Q

Quaternary structure- fibrous proteins (tertiary)

A

long thin molecules. insoluble. structural. e.g. collagen

56
Q

Quaternary structure- fibrous e.g. collagen structure

A

3 identical polypeptide chains of alpha helix. every 3rd amino acid is GLYCINE- small R group so twisted close together. found in skin/ bones

57
Q

Quaternary structure- globular proteins (tertiary)

A

compact ball shape. hydrophobic centre hydrophilic outside. more water soluble than fibrous. metabolic role in living organisms ie enzymes

58
Q

Quaternary structure- globular e.g. haemoglobin structure

A

4 polypeptide chains (2 Alpha 2 beta) held by Disulphide bond. centre of each chain = haem group (iron) binds to oxygen. each haemoglobin gives up 4 O2’s.

59
Q

define polar molecule

A

electrons are unevenly distributed. e.g. water

60
Q

features of water- cohesion

A

water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds. column oh molecules. causes surface tension

61
Q

features of water- adhesion

A

water molecules stick to other surfaces by hydrogen bonds e.g. xylem

62
Q

features of water- high latent hear of vaporisation

A

needs lots of energy to break hydrogen bonds- prevents rapid evaporation

63
Q

features of water- high specific heat capacity

A

lots of energy needed to raise the temperature- thermostable environment

64
Q

features of water- universal solvent

A

can dissolve polar/ionic substances

65
Q

features of water- transparent

A

photosynthesis

Biology Comp 1 (10 decks)

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