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Biology Comp 1 > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenine triphosphate (nucleotide)

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2
Q

define nucleotide

A

polymers made from monomers known as nucleotides

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3
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Penrose sugar, phosphate group, organic nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

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5
Q

why is ATP referred to as the universal energy currency?

A

usable form of energy used by all living cells. carries energy from energy releasing reactions to energy consuming reactions

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6
Q

how does ATP release energy?

A

hydrolysis reaction with ATPase. exergoic reaction (produces 30.6KJ energy). becomes ADP

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7
Q

how does ADP form ATP?

A

condensation reaction with ATP synthase. Endergonic reaction (takes energy). energy stored in bonds

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8
Q

5 roles of ATP

A

1) active transport, 2) metabolic processes, 3) movement, 4) nerve transmission, 5) secretion

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9
Q

why is ATP better than glucose as an energy source?

A

uses less enzymes, one step, immediate energy, can release small amounts of energy, easily transported

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10
Q

What are pyramidine bases?

A

smaller and single rings. thynine, cytosine and uracil

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11
Q

What are purine bases?

A

larger with double rings. adenine and guanine

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12
Q

What does DNA stand for.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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13
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

carries genetic code for protein synthesis which is replicated in cell division

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14
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A

2 polynucleotide strands twisted in double helix held together between base pairs by hydrogen bonds. strands anti parallel. Penrose sugar= DEOXYRIBOSE. Bases: adenine, thynine, guanine, cytosine

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15
Q

how is a polynucleotide formed?

A

covalent bond between sugar and phosphate formed by condensation. hydrogen bonds hold base pairs together.

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16
Q

What is the bond between two nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester

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17
Q

What is the bond between complimentary base pairs?

A

hydrogen

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18
Q

describe the process of DNA replication

A

H bonds between bases break by DNA helicase. 2 strands separate so unwind. each strand is template. free DNA nucleotides align opposite complimentary bases. DNA polymerase catalysts condensation reaction to join them. each new molecule has one stand from original template and one new one.

19
Q

describe the conservative DNA theory

A

DNA produces two daughter DNA. one has both originals and one has two daughter chains

20
Q

describe the semi conservative theory

A

DNA molecules separate. each act as template and produce one new strand each.

21
Q

describe evidence for semi conservative replication

A

meselson-stahl experiment. bacteria grown from 15N (heavy) to label N containing base. put on culture of 14N to replicate. density of DNA of each generation extracted and centrifuged. first gen= all intermediate in mass. second gen= 1/2 intermediate, 1/2 light

22
Q

why was e.coli used?

A

easy to culture. DNA not in nucleus

23
Q

What does RNA stand for? what is it used for.

A

Ribonucleic acid for protein synthesis

24
Q

describe the structure of RNA

A

single stranded polynhcleotide. Penrose sugar= ribose. bases= adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine

25
Q

two differences between DNA nucleotide and RNA nucleotide

A

1) deoxyribose vs ribose. 2) thymine vs uracil

26
Q

three differences between DNA polymer and RNA polymer

A

1) double stranded vs single stranded. 2) large vs small. 3) 1 type vs 3 types (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)

27
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

messenger. single stranded that carries genetic code for specific protein from DNA in nucleus -> ribosomes in cytoplasm

28
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

ribosomal. this + protein = ribosomes. translates genetic code and hounds amino acids to form polypeptides. made by nucleolus.

29
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

transfer. transfers specific amino acid to ribosome. clover leaf shape held by H bonds. AA attaches one end with anticodon at opposite end.

30
Q

describe genetic code

A

DNA stores genetic info coded in sequence of bases. three determine sequence of amino acids that are joined together to form polypeptide.

31
Q

define gene

A

section of DNA that codes for specific polypeptide

32
Q

define codon.

A

series of 3 bases that code for amino acid in mRNA only

33
Q

how many possible codes? how many amino acids?

A

64 possible codes with 20 amino acids

34
Q

describe the properties of the genetic code

A

LINEAR, TRIPLET, NON-OVERLAPPING, DEGENERATE, UNABIGUOUS, UNIVERSAL CODE

35
Q

define introns

A

non coding nucleotide- repeated. spliced out after transcription. number of repeats that causes generic variation.

36
Q

define exons

A

coding sequences that are left behind and spliced together by ligase to form mature DNA

37
Q

difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes regarding introns and exons

A

eukaryotes= introns= discontinuous genes. prokaryotes= exons= continuous genes

38
Q

what comes first: transcription or translation

A

transcription

39
Q

describe the process of transcription

A

1) gene unwind by DNA helicase- H bonds break. 2) activated rRNA nucleotides H bond with complimentary base pair by RNA polymerase-> mRNA. 3) mRNA= complimentary to template (T=U) 4) DNA reminds. 5) mRNA release out of nuclear pore to ribosome

40
Q

describe ribosomes

A

protein + rRNA. free in cytoplasm or RER. large and small subunit. large subunit= 2 attachment sites for tRNA. small subunit= binds to mRNA

41
Q

describe the process of translation

A

initiation: ribosome attaches to start codon on mRNA. codon on mRNA H bond to anticodon on tRNA. elongation: two amino acids form peptide bond. first tRNA leaves ribosome and ribosome moves along one codon. next tRNA binds. termination: stop codon reached

42
Q

two types of mutation

A

1) deletion: nucleotide removed which effects amino acid sequence. 2) substitution: base is change- less impact as other bases same

43
Q

describe protein production

A

DNA codes for amino acids. mRNA made in transcription. ribosomes synthesise mRNA. RER transports protein, Golgi body modifies and packages it, released by exocytosis

Biology Comp 1 (10 decks)

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