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humbio 4a - 2nd half > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

all gas exchange is by _____

A

diffusion

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2
Q

as temperature goes up ______ goes up

A

metabolism

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3
Q

as the temperature goes up, the 02 content of water goes _______

A

down

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4
Q

blood flow over gills in fish is ______ and ______

A

unidirectional and continuous

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5
Q

water flows over the gills in the ______ of the blood. As a result, O2 saturation is ______

A

opposite - maximized

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6
Q

when flying, a bird’s metabolic rate can be ___ X its basal rate

A

15-20X

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7
Q

in addition to lungs, birds have air _____

A

sacs

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8
Q

do birds have alveoli?

A

no

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9
Q

instead of alveoli, birds have continuous _____

A

bronci

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10
Q

air flow in birds is _____ and ______

A

unidirectional and continuous

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11
Q

in between the lungs and the thoracic cavity is the ______

A

pleural cavity

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12
Q

components of the mammalian respiratory system, in order (remember mnemonic)

A

No Place Like The Bay Area

nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> alveoli

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13
Q

______ reduces surface tension to allow alveoli to expand regardless of size

A

surfactant

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14
Q

surfactant will reduce surface tension in ______ alveoli to allow them to expand with the same amount of force as their ______ counterparts

A

smaller, larger

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15
Q

oxygen is carried in blood in chemical combination with ____

A

hemoglobin

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16
Q

the pleural cavity is always under a _____ pressure

A

negative

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17
Q

unlike all other mammals, elephants have no ____ _____

A

pleural space

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18
Q

75% of carbon dioxide is transported as _______

A

bicarbonate

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19
Q

lung volume can be measured with a ______

A

spirometer

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20
Q

inflating lungs filled with a saline solution requires ____ pressure than lungs filled with air. Why?

A

less - surface tension

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21
Q

hemoglobin increases our ability to carry oxygen by _____ X

A

70

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22
Q

hemoglobin is made up of ____ subunits

A

4

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23
Q

the hemes have 1 atom of ____

A

iron

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24
Q

each hemoglobin molecule can carry ____ oxygen molecules

A

4

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25
Q

there are ____ varieties of hemoglobin, and only ___ of them are normal

A

17 , 2

26
Q

when one hemoglobin binds, it makes it ____ for others to bind

A

easier

27
Q

if we have lots of oxygen around, the hemoglobin will be _____ saturated/bound

A

more

28
Q

in the longs, the partial pressure(P02) of oxygen is high, so we have _____ saturated hemoglobin

A

fully/high/more

29
Q

increasing H+ ions causes the Hb/O2 binding curve to move to the _____, causing disassociation of O2 at ___ pressures (PO2)

A

right, lower

30
Q

DPG (bisphosphoglycertic Acid) combines with Hemoglobin, pushing the hemoglobin saturation curve to the _____ , making oxygen ____ available to the tissues of the body

A

right, more

31
Q

if you start working out, your DPG levels go ______

A

up

32
Q

myoglobin has ____ heme unit(s)

A

1

33
Q

the respiratory rhythm is modulated in the ______

A

medulla

34
Q

we sense ____ and _____ to regulate respiration

A

CO2 and O2

35
Q

CO2 is sense via ____ by sensors on the surface of the _____

A

ph , medulla

36
Q

O2 sensors are found in the _____ and _____ bodies

A

carotid , aortic

37
Q

we are ______ to oxygen than CO2

A

less

38
Q

as the temperature of water goes up, the metabolism of a fish goes ______

A

up

39
Q

what is the ratio of oxygen at sea level?

A

1/5

40
Q

what is the ratio of oxygen on everest?

A

1/5

41
Q

all gas exchange is by ______

A

diffusion

42
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

Q=D(A(P1-P2))/l or Quantity diffusing per unit time = constant (Area(substance concentration 1 - substance concentration 2))/ path length

43
Q

effects of hypoxia

A

mental and muscle fatigue, headache, nausea - progresses to twitching and seizures

44
Q

Fick’s law

A

Q = D(A(P1-P2))/l -

45
Q

Q

A

rate of diffusion

46
Q

D

A

diffusion coefficient

47
Q

what contributes to D?

A

temperature, medium, gas

48
Q

A

A

surface area

49
Q

how do we maximize our surface area?

A

alveoli are very convoluted

50
Q

P1

A

starting pressure

51
Q

P2

A

ending pressure

52
Q

l

A

path length

53
Q

how do we minimize the path length

A

thin layer between blood and alveoli

54
Q

oxygen is picked up by ______ , which gives us a 70X carrying capacity

A

hemoglobin

55
Q

as oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it gets ______ to bind until 75%

A

easier

56
Q

after 75% saturation, as oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it gets ____ to bind

A

harder

57
Q

a right shift in the hemoglobin curve will supply _____ oxygen to the cells

A

more

58
Q

______ acidity and BPG shift the hemoglobin curve to the ______

A

high, right

59
Q

llamas have a ____ shifted hemoglobin curve

A

left

60
Q

the helium dilution method measures?

A

residual volume

61
Q

P=2T/R is used for what

A

surface tension

humbio 4a - 2nd half (13 decks)

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