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HumBio 4A - 2nd Half > Gastro Intestinal Phsiology > Flashcards

Gastro Intestinal Phsiology Flashcards

1
Q

what fuels can the brain burn?

A

only glucose

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2
Q

smooth muscle is _____ cellular

A

uni

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3
Q

are there sarcomeres in smooth muscle

A

no

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4
Q

are there motor end plates in smooth muscle

A

no

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5
Q

does smooth muscle have gap junctions?

A

yes

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6
Q

smooth muscle is sensitive to _______

A

stretch

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7
Q

smooth muscle is innervated by the _____ nervous system

A

autonomic

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8
Q

smooth muscle uses ______ as a Ca++ receptor

A

Calmodulin

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9
Q

smooth muscle activation process

A
  1. cytosolic Ca++ increases
  2. Ca++ binds to calmodulin in cytosol
  3. Ca++ / calmodulin complex binds to myosin kinase
  4. myosin light chain kinase uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin cross-bridges
  5. cross bridges bind to actin filaments
  6. cross bridge cycling produces tension and shortening
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10
Q

Acetylcholine _______ smooth muscle

A

contracts

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11
Q

norepinephrine _______ smooth muscle

A

relaxes

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12
Q

smooth muscle has a resting potential of ______ mv

A

-53mv

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13
Q

3 ways to stimulate/depolarize smooth muscle

A

stretch
acetylcholine
parasympathetics

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14
Q

2 ways to hyperpolarize smooth muscle

A

norephinephrine

sympathetics

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15
Q

is swallowing driven by the CNS?

A

yes

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16
Q

_______ ________ propel food to the stomach

A

peristaltic

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17
Q

swallowing initiates ______

A

peristalsis

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18
Q

in front of the peristaltic reaction, ______ _______ aids directional movement

A

anticipatory relaxation

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19
Q

we have a _____ and ______ anal sphincter

A

internal, external

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20
Q

we have voluntary control over the ______ anal sphincter, but not the _____ anal sphincter

A

external, internal

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21
Q

salivary gland secretions are under ____ control

A

neural

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22
Q

salivary secretions are made of what?

A

water, amylase, K+, HCO3 and mucus

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23
Q

4 secretions of the stomach

A

mucus, HCI, pepsin, gastrin

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24
Q

at the posterior end of the stomach, there is a ______ sphincter

A

pyloric

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25
Q

the GI tract has its own nervous system, called the ______ nervous system

A

enteric

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26
Q

the stomach is under control by what?

A

the CNS and enteric NS

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27
Q

bacteria responsible for ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori

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28
Q

the ____ nerve from the CNS stimulates the gastric phase

A

vagus

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29
Q

_______ excite pepsin and acid production

A

parasympathetics

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30
Q

the liver produces ______

A

bile

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31
Q

bile is stored in the ______

A

gall bladder

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32
Q

the sphincter of ______ controls entry into the duodenum

A

Oddi

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33
Q

_____ stimulates bicarbonate production

A

secretin

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34
Q

______ activates trypsin by cleaving a chain of six amino acids that mask the active site

A

enterokinase

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35
Q

pancreatic digestive enzymes are secreted as ____ ____(_____)

A

inactive zymogens (trypsinogen)

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36
Q

bile is synthesized from _____ in the liver cells

A

cholesterol

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37
Q

digestion is by ______

A

hydrolysis

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38
Q

glucose enters cells by ______

A

diffusion

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39
Q

the pancreas secretes ______ and ______

A

digestive enzymes and bicarbonate solution

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40
Q

salivary glands secrete ______

A

amylase

41
Q

the stomach secretes _____, ______ , _______

A

HCI, pepsin, mucus

42
Q

pepsinogen becomes pepsin after _____ contact

A

HCI

43
Q

the duodenum secretes______ and ________

A

Cholecystokinin and secretin

44
Q

the _____ synthesizes bile from ______ and _______

A

liver, cholesterol phospholipids

45
Q

_____ emulsifies lipid droplets into more easily digested micelles

A

bile

46
Q

_____ stimulates the release of HCI

A

gastrin

47
Q

______ initiates the chain reaction of pancreatic enzyme activation

A

enterokinase

48
Q

_____ stimulates the release of bile from the ballbaldder

A

CCK

49
Q

______ digests proteins and can catalyze its own activation

A

pepsin

50
Q

_____ is secreted into the stomach to decrease pH

A

HCI

51
Q

what hormones and stimulus increase acid in the stomach

A

food, enteric stimulus, Gastrin, Histamine, ACh

52
Q

HCI inhibits ______

A

gastrin

53
Q

does protein digestion start in the mouth?

A

yes! mechnodigestion

54
Q

does glucose digestion start in the mouth?

A

yes! amylase

55
Q

when food leaves the mouth, it’s called

A

bolus

56
Q

the ______ nervous system coordinates ______ ________ of the next portion of the esophagus during peristalsis

A

enteric, anticipatory relaxation

57
Q

the stomach breaks food down into acidic _____

A

chyme

58
Q

_____ is released in the stomach in the presence of food, which increases ______ release for protection and also triggers the release of _________ and _________

A

gastrin, mucus, pepsinogen, HCl (hydrochloric acid)

59
Q

food leaves the stomach through the _______ sphincter

A

pyloric

60
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

61
Q

most digestion in the small intestine takes place in the _______

A

duondenum

62
Q

most absorption in the small intestine takes place in the ____ and ______

A

jejunum and ileum

63
Q

3 secretions of the small intestine

A

CCK
Secretin
Enterokinase

64
Q

CCK is a _____ and is triggered by what?

A

presence of chyme and undigested fats/proteins in duodenum.

65
Q

CCK triggers the release of _______ from the ________

A

bile, gall bladder

66
Q

secretin is a _____ and is triggered by what?

A

low pH

67
Q

secretin triggers the release of what?

A

bicarbonate

68
Q

Enterokinase is an _______ and is triggered by the presence of ______

A

chyme

69
Q

enterokinase cleaves _______ to mak active _______

A

trypsinogen, trypsin

70
Q

bile is synthesized from ______ in the _______ and stored in the __________

A

cholesterol, liver, gall bladder

71
Q

bile enters the _______ via the common bile duct and the _______

A

duodenum, sphincter of Oddi

72
Q

bicarbonate in the duodenum is secreted by the _______

A

pancreas

73
Q

the pancreas secretes _______ that break down fats

A

lipases

74
Q

bile emulsifies fat into _____ in the _______

A

micelles, duodenum

75
Q

pancreatic lipase _______ fats in micelles to _____ and ______

A

hydrolyzes, fatty acids and monoglycerides

76
Q

fat is re-synthesized into ________ in the ER of the BBC

A

triglycerides

77
Q

fat is packaged with cholesterol and phospholipids in protein-coated ______

A

chylomicrons

78
Q

chylomicrons are exocytosed from the cell to the ______ system and eventually the _______

A

lymphatic , blood stream

79
Q

the large intestine serves to absorb _____ and _______ to produce semisolid feces which are stored in the rectum

A

water , ions

80
Q

chylomicrons released from the BBC’s make their way to the _____

A

liver

81
Q

the liver can repackage tryglycerides into _______

A

lipoproteins

82
Q

HDL carries only ______

A

cholesterol

83
Q

LDL and VLDL carry _____ and _______

A

cholesterol , fatty acids

84
Q

HDL carries cholesterol from ____ to _____

A

tissues to liver

86
Q

sequence of fat states

A

fat - > micelles -> fatty acids + monoglycerides -> triglycerides - > + phospholipids and cholesterol - >chylomicrons - > to lymphatic - > blood stream

88
Q

LDL carries cholesterol from _____ to ______

A

liver to tissues

89
Q

sequence of fat states

A

fat - > micelles -> fatty acids + monoglycerides -> triglycerides - > + phospholipids and cholesterol - >chylomicrons - > to lymphatic - > blood stream

90
Q

what cells secrete acid and bicarbonate?

A

parietal cells

91
Q

what does secretin inhibit?

A

stomach motility

92
Q

what does CCK inhibit?

A

stomach motility

93
Q

what does HCL inhibit?

A

stomach motility and gastrin

94
Q

inside the BBC, monoglycerides and fatty acids are repackaged into ________

A

chylomicrons

95
Q

chylomicrons are transported from the BBC to the ______, which is called the ________ pathway

A

Liver, exogenous pathway

96
Q

_____ pick up cholesterol from the tissues and bring it back to the ______ to produce _______

A

HDL’s, Liver, Bile

97
Q

_______ transport fatty acids from the chylomicrons from the liver to tissue

A

VLDLs

98
Q

once the fatty acids are removed from VLDLs, they become _______

A

LDLs

99
Q

________ transport cholesterol from the liver to tissues

A

LDSs

100
Q

monoglycerides are turned into tryglycerides where?

A

in the BBC

101
Q

bile breaks fat into ________ in the small intestine

A

monoglycerides

HumBio 4A - 2nd Half (13 decks)

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