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HumBio 4A - 2nd Half > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of asexual reproduction

A

budding, regeneration, parthnogenesis

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2
Q

asexual modes of reproduction produce genetically ______ clones of offspring

A

identical

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3
Q

can parthenogenesis require sex?

A

yes! to stimulate ovulation

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4
Q

in lizards that reproduce parthenogenetically, the sex role played depends on its ______ state

A

hormonal

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5
Q

the joining of gametes is called _______

A

fertilization

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6
Q

T/F - Fertilization is very different across species

A

F

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7
Q

two types of gonads

A

testes and ovaries

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8
Q

what are the primary sex organs?

A

testes and ovaries

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9
Q

gonads are the _____ sex organs

A

testes and ovaries

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10
Q

external differences between males and females that are not directly involved in reproduction

A

secondary sexual characteristics

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11
Q

the SRY stands for what?

A

sex determining region of the Y

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12
Q

in the absence of the SRY gene, what happens

A

an ovary / female phenotype will likely form

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13
Q

How many gametes (sperm or ova) are eventually produced form one primary spermatocyte?

A

4 spermatids are formed from one primary spermtocyte

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14
Q

How many gametes (sperm or ova) are eventually produced from one primary oocyte?

A

1 mature egg

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasmic bridges formed by sperm?

A

1/2 the sperm get an X chromosome, while the other 1/2 gets a Y chromosome. The Y is much smaller, and products of the X chromosome are required for development. The bridges help access these products.

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16
Q

can biological males produce new spermatocytes throughout their life?

A

yes!

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17
Q

can biological females produce new spermatocytes throughout their life?

A

no! They are born with a fixed number of eggs.

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18
Q

In sex differentiation, what cell types and hormones are involved in males?

A

gonads +SRY = testes ->sertoli + leydig cells -> AMH+Testosterone->DHT-> Penis/Prostate

Mullerian regression
Wolfman duct -> internal genitalia

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19
Q

SRY is found on what?

A

the Y chromosome

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20
Q

In sex differentiation, what cell types and hormones are involved in females?

A

gonads w/o SRY=ovaries -> follicular/theca - > follicles-> estrogen -> mullerian duct-> internal sex organs

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21
Q

Male sexual organs

A

testicles, penis, prostate, vas deferns, seminal vesicle

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22
Q

Female sexual organs

A

ovaries, vagina, uterus, cervix, oviduct

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23
Q

How does the hypothalamic pituitary endocrine axis regulate sex hormone production in males?

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH ->anterior pituitary -> leydig -> testosterone -| hypothalamus

ant pit -> sertoli -> spermatogenesis -> inhibin -| hypothalamus

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24
Q

How does the hypothalamic pituitary endocrine axis regulate sex hormone production in females?

A

hypothalamus - > GnRH-> LH/FSH - > Ovary->Estrogen+progesterone
estrogen -| hypo + ant pit and -> hypo
prog -| hypo + ant pit

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25
Q

LH triggers _____

A

ovulation

26
Q

3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular, The “Switch”, Luteal

27
Q

3 components of the follicle

A

oocyte, granulosa, theca

28
Q

in the follicular phase, the dominant follicle response strongly to rising _____ by make the most ______ receptors, and outcompetes other follicles, which regress

A

Estrogen, FSH

29
Q

in the follicular phase, rising estrogen and inhibin levels cause negative feedback on _____ and ______, causing them to dip

A

LH, FSH

30
Q

two methods IUD’s (contraception)

A

Hormonal and Copper

31
Q

_____ IUD’s thicken the cervical mucus and cause chronic inflammation of the endometrium, so the sperm cannot reach the egg

A

hormonal

32
Q

______ IUD’s thicken the cervical mucus and have ions that have a toxic effect on sperm and interrupt sperm navigation

A

copper

33
Q

arousal is driven by the ___________ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

34
Q

do women have a refractory period?

A

no! only men do

35
Q

6 stages of male sexual arousal…

A

arousal, erection, excitement, orgasm, resolution, refractory

36
Q

3 stages of female sexual arousal

A

arousal, excitement, orgasm

37
Q

SRY is found on the ___ chromosome

A

Y

38
Q

without the SRY gene, gonads will develop into _____

A

ovaries

39
Q

Sertoli cells in testes cause the release of hormones that cause the ____ ducts to regress

A

mallarian ducts

40
Q

Leydig cells release _____ , which causes _____ ducts to form

A

testosterone, Wolfian

41
Q

_____ cells release testosterone

A

Leydig

42
Q

______ cells release Mullerian inhibiting hormone

A

leydig

43
Q

the Wolfian ducts evolve into what?

A

vas deferens,

44
Q

two types of cells in ovaries

A

theca, granulosa

45
Q

in the ovaries, you don’t secrete ____ or ______

A

MIH, testosterone

46
Q

without MIH (mullarian inhibiting hormone), what is formed?

A

mullarian ducts

47
Q

without testosterone, the _____ ducts regress

A

wolfian

48
Q

mullarian ducts give rise to what?

A

fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

49
Q

why does one follicle survive?

A

Estrogen stimulate production of FSH receptors (positive feedback)

rising Estrogen creates negative feedback on GnRH and FSH.

FSH becomes scarce, follicle with most receptors wins.

50
Q

how many O2 molecules can hemoblobin carry?

A

4

51
Q

at when does O2 act cooperatively with hemoglobin?

A

up to 3

52
Q

what part of brain manages temperature?

A

hypothalamus

53
Q

what part of brain manages Co2 levels?

A

medulla

54
Q

when does diastole happen?

A

relaxation

55
Q

when doe systole happen?

A

pumping

56
Q

Frank Starling law

A

increase End Diastolic Volume and you increase Stroke Volume

57
Q

equation(s) relating cardiac output to MAP (mean arterial pressure)

A 
CO = HR X SV
MAP = CO * TPR
58
Q

most reabsorption of water and solutes (amino acids and glucose) occurs where?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

59
Q

how does bile work?

A

bile contains salts that emulsify fats in the chyme and thereby greatly increase the surface area of the fats exposed to the lipases.

60
Q

bile salts ____ the fat droplet from sticking together, and instead form ______

A

prevent, micelles

61
Q

how does bile work to break down large globules of fat?

A

bile is made of a hyprophobic head and hydrophillic tail. the head binds, and the tail prevents the normal fat globbing conformation.

HumBio 4A - 2nd Half (13 decks)

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