Respiration

Question 1

Define Respiration

Answer 1

The process by which organisms break down energy rich molecules (Such as glucose), releasing energy for the synthesis of ATP

Question 2

What are the two main types of Respiration?

Answer 2

Aerobic and Anaerobic

Question 3

What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration?

Answer 3

Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen

Question 4

Define ATP

Answer 4

Adenosine Triphosphate

Common source of energy in cells

Question 5

How is energy released form ATP?

Answer 5

When an inorganic phosphate is removed from ATP to form ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate

Question 6

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 6

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose, into pyruvate. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH

Question 7

What are the four stages of Respiration?

Answer 7

Glycolysis, Transition Stage, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Stage

Question 8

Outline the Glycolysis stage

Answer 8

The splitting of glucose: Breaking down Glucose, a 6C (6 Carbon) molecule, into a 3C compound called pyruvate
The outcome is the production of 2ATP + NADPH

Question 9

What is the net ATP production of Glycolysis?

Answer 9

2 ATP

4 ATP are produced but 2 ATP are used in the process

Question 10

Does Glycolysis require Oxygen?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

Outline the Four Stages of Respiration

Answer 11

Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
Transitional Stage: Pyruvate is split and added to coenzyme A ready to enter the Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle: a derivative of Pyruvate is decomposed to Carbon Dioxide
Electron Transport Chain: accounts for 90% of the ATP generated by Respiration

Question 12

Where does Glycolysis take place?

Answer 12

In the cytoplasm

Question 13

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

Answer 13

In the mitochondrial matrix

Question 14

Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?

Answer 14

In the inner membranes of the mitochondrion

Question 15

Outline the Transitional Stage

Answer 15

Each pyruvate is converted into acetyl co-enzyme A (a 2c molecules) which is sued in the next stage

Question 16

Outline the Krebs Cycle

Answer 16

The Aceytl co-enzyme A molecules enter the Krebs Cycle one at a time, and all of the carbons will be converted to Carbon Dioxide
WIth each turn of the Krebs cycle 1 ATP, 3 NADPH and 1 FADH are produced
Because the Krebs Cycle will turn twice, the final products are 2 ATP, 6 NADPH, 2 FADH and 4 CO2 molecules

Question 17

What is the net ATP production of Krebs Cycle?

Answer 17

2 ATP

Question 18

Outline the Electron Transport Chain

Answer 18

The E.T.C is driven by NADPH + FADH, molecule carriers which carry hydrogen into the inner mitochondrial membrane. When hydrogen is split from the carriers, the electrons released are used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. This creates a concentration gradient of hydrogen (Chemiosmosis). The hydrogen ions move back across the membrane via ATP synthase. This process forms ATP molecules

Question 19

Why is Oxygen necessary in the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 19

Because without Oxygen Molecules to pick up the hydrogen electrons, they will build up and block the E.T.C

Question 20

What is the net production of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 20

34 ATP

Question 21

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 21

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

Question 22

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 22

the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to reform ATP

Question 23

Outline Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 23

Fermentation pathways for glucose metabolism that do not use oxygen
The energy yield from fermentation is low, and only sustainable for short bursts

Question 24

Outline Anaerobic Respiration in animal cells

Answer 24

Glycolysis will occur without Oxygen present, this results in pyruvate.
Pyruvate will change in lactic acid if oxygen is not present.

Question 25

Define lactic acid in reference to respiration

Answer 25

a toxic product of a lack of oxygen in glycolysis, Lactic acid is toxic
The liver will convert lactic acid in harmless substances

Question 26

Outline Anaerobic Respiration in plant cells

Answer 26

Glycolysis will occur without oxygen present, this results in pyruvate
Pyruvate will change into ethanol (alcohol)
It is toxic