Respiration Flashcards
Define Respiration
The process by which organisms break down energy rich molecules (Such as glucose), releasing energy for the synthesis of ATP
What are the two main types of Respiration?
Aerobic and Anaerobic
What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen
Define ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Common source of energy in cells
How is energy released form ATP?
When an inorganic phosphate is removed from ATP to form ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate
What is Glycolysis?
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose, into pyruvate. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH
What are the four stages of Respiration?
Glycolysis, Transition Stage, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Stage
Outline the Glycolysis stage
The splitting of glucose: Breaking down Glucose, a 6C (6 Carbon) molecule, into a 3C compound called pyruvate
The outcome is the production of 2ATP + NADPH
What is the net ATP production of Glycolysis?
2 ATP
4 ATP are produced but 2 ATP are used in the process
Does Glycolysis require Oxygen?
No
Outline the Four Stages of Respiration
Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
Transitional Stage: Pyruvate is split and added to coenzyme A ready to enter the Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle: a derivative of Pyruvate is decomposed to Carbon Dioxide
Electron Transport Chain: accounts for 90% of the ATP generated by Respiration
Where does Glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
In the mitochondrial matrix
Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?
In the inner membranes of the mitochondrion
Outline the Transitional Stage
Each pyruvate is converted into acetyl co-enzyme A (a 2c molecules) which is sued in the next stage
Outline the Krebs Cycle
The Aceytl co-enzyme A molecules enter the Krebs Cycle one at a time, and all of the carbons will be converted to Carbon Dioxide
WIth each turn of the Krebs cycle 1 ATP, 3 NADPH and 1 FADH are produced
Because the Krebs Cycle will turn twice, the final products are 2 ATP, 6 NADPH, 2 FADH and 4 CO2 molecules
What is the net ATP production of Krebs Cycle?
2 ATP
Outline the Electron Transport Chain
The E.T.C is driven by NADPH + FADH, molecule carriers which carry hydrogen into the inner mitochondrial membrane. When hydrogen is split from the carriers, the electrons released are used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. This creates a concentration gradient of hydrogen (Chemiosmosis). The hydrogen ions move back across the membrane via ATP synthase. This process forms ATP molecules
Why is Oxygen necessary in the Electron Transport Chain?
Because without Oxygen Molecules to pick up the hydrogen electrons, they will build up and block the E.T.C
What is the net production of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain?
34 ATP
What is chemiosmosis?
the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to reform ATP
Outline Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation pathways for glucose metabolism that do not use oxygen
The energy yield from fermentation is low, and only sustainable for short bursts
Outline Anaerobic Respiration in animal cells
Glycolysis will occur without Oxygen present, this results in pyruvate.
Pyruvate will change in lactic acid if oxygen is not present.
