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Biology [Unit 3] > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

CH2O

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3
Q

What is another term for simple carbohydrates?

A

Sugars

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4
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

A

A five sided sugar (5 carbon atoms)

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5
Q

What is a hexose sugar?

A

A six-sided sugar (6 carbon atoms)

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6
Q

What are some functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage
Structure
Regulation of blood glucose

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7
Q

Define a monomer

A

A repeating component of the same chemical structure
Sub-units that bind together to form chains or polymers
‘Building blocks’

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8
Q

Define a polymer

A

A chain of monomers

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9
Q

When more than two monomers form together it forms a _________

A

Polymer

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10
Q

What are the carbohydrate monomers?

A

Monosaccharides

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11
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar molecule

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12
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose

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13
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A double sugar molecule joined with a glycosidic bond

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14
Q

Define glycosidic

A

A covalent bond joining carbohydrates

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15
Q

What are some uses for disaccharides?

A

Energy sources
Building blocks for larger molecules
A way to transport glucose

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16
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When two molecules join and water is formed

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17
Q

What forms sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose

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18
Q

What forms lactose?

A

Galactose + glucose

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19
Q

What forms maltose?

A

Glucose + glucose

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20
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate polymer

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21
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose, starch and glycogen

22
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

A class of compounds used to store and use hereditary information (DNA)

23
Q

What is the nucleic acid monomer?

A

Nucleotides

24
Q

What three main components make up nucleotides?

A

A sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base

25
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

26
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

27
Q

What are the five nucleotide bases?

A 
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine 
Thymine
Uracil (RNA only)
28
Q

Do DNA and RNA share the same bases?

A

Guanine, cytosine and adenine stay unchanged

In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil

29
Q

Define DNA’s structure

A

A double helix structure

Two DNA polymers joined together

30
Q

What bonds form DNA?

A

The phosphate and sugar groups form strong covalent bonds while the nitrogenous bases form weak hydrogen bonds

31
Q

Which bases join together?

A 
Guanine = Cytosine
Adenine = Thymine/Uracil
32
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Vs Ribonucleic acid
GCAT Vs. GCAU
Double stranded. Vs single stranded
Larger than RNA. Vs. Shorter than DNA

33
Q

What are the protein monomers?

A

Amino acids

34
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 naturally occurring amino acids

35
Q

What makes up an amino acid?

A

An amino group, carboxyl group, a carbon, a hydrogen and a unique side chain group known as the R-group

36
Q

What is the role of an amino acid’s R-group?

A

The R group gives each amino acid its unique characteristic

37
Q

How many different proteins can humans produce?

A

At least 100000

38
Q

DNA codes for protein structure. The range of proteins formed from our DNA is called our _______

A

Proteome

39
Q

The bond between Amino acid monomers is called a _________

A

Peptide bond

40
Q

Joining two Amino Acids creates a what?

A

Dipeptide

41
Q

Joining many amino acid monomers forms a what?

A

Polypeptide

42
Q

What are the four levels, in order, of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

43
Q

What is a primary protein structure?

A

An amino acid sequence (polypeptide)

44
Q

What is a secondary protein structure?

A

The shape of the polypeptide chain

An alpha-Helix coil or beta-pleated sheet

45
Q

What is a tertiary protein structure?

A

A folded protein

46
Q

What is a quaternary protein structure?

A

A protein containing more than one polypeptide chain

Combining two or more proteins units

47
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Globular and fibrous

48
Q

What is a globular protein?

A

Soluble in Aquarius solutions

49
Q

What is a fibrous protein?

A

Insoluble

50
Q

Where are proteins produced?

A

Ribosomes

51
Q

How do you form a glycoproteins?

A

Modify a protein by adding carbohydrates

52
Q

How do you form a lipoprotein?

A

Modify a protein by adding fatty acids

Biology [Unit 3] (8 decks)

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