Disease and Immunity

Question 1

Define disease

Answer 1

?any condition which impairs any normal bodily functions except those caused by bodily injury.
Each disease has a recognisable cause and produces symptoms

Question 2

What are the two types of diseases

Answer 2

Infectious and Non-Infectious

Question 3

Define an infectious disease

Answer 3

disease which cannot be spread from one individual to another
includes genetic and lifestyle-caused diseases

Question 4

Define a Non-Infectious disease

Answer 4

diseases cause by another organism (pathogens): these diseases can be transmitted from one organism to another

Question 5

What is the difference between a cellular and non-cellular disease?

Answer 5

a non-cellular disease requires host to survive. A host cell supplies the necessary organelles fro a non-cellular agent to reproduce
a cellular disease can be single or multi-cellular, and are able to reproduce on their own

Question 6

Define Prions

Answer 6

misfolded infectious proteins that can propagate by causing misfolding in the original protein type
Spread by eating contaminated meat or cannibalising brain tissue

Question 7

Define Viruses

Answer 7

Viruses are infectious agents that infect living cells and use the cells replication machinery to copy themselves

Question 8

Define Bacteria

Answer 8

single-celled prokaryotic organisms. The vast majority of bacteria are harmless and necessary for life on earth
bacteria can cause disease by entering a host and adversely affect tissue and can produce toxins

Question 9

Define Fungal diseases

Answer 9

rare in animals, but can cause infections that are long lasting and difficult to treat
they spread by spores and are generally chronic

Question 10

Define a pathogen

Answer 10

any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism

Question 11

What is the difference between non-specific defence and specific defence?

Answer 11

non-specific defences are general mechanism that try to protect against all and any pathogens, while specific defences mechanisms that defend against specific pathogens

Question 12

Outline the First line of defence

Answer 12

Non-specific. Physical and chemical barriers

eg- skin, tears, mucus and saliva

Question 13

Outline the Second line of defence

Answer 13

Non-specific. Utilised in the event of the failure of the first line of defence
White-blood cells are the most common form of second-line defence

Question 14

What are some Second-line mechanisms of defence?

Answer 14

White-Blood Cells, Phagocytes, inflammation, fever and blood clotting, neutrophils, natural killer cells, compliment proteins and interferons

Question 15

Define White Blood Cells

Answer 15

Also called Leukocytes. Produced in the bone-marrow and carried in the blood
Neutrophils (phagocytes), Eosinophils (detoxify foreign particles), Basophils (produce histamine), lymphocytes (produce antibodies) and Monocytes (develop into macrophages)