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Biology Year 13 > Respiration 3.5.2 (Energy transfers in and between organisms 3.5) > Flashcards

Respiration 3.5.2 (Energy transfers in and between organisms 3.5) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 key stages of aerobic respiration ?

A

Glycolysis ~> Link reaction ~> Krebs cycle ~> Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

What is glycolysis ?

A

It’s the first stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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3
Q

Where does glycolysis take place ?

A

In the cytoplasm and is an anaerobic process

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4
Q

What happens to NAD in glycolysis

A

It’s reduced so therefore gains a H+ .
Becomes NADH

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5
Q

EQ : Describe the process of glycolysis (4)

A

1) Phosphorylation of glucose using ATP.
2) Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate
3) Net gain of ATP
4) NAD reduced

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6
Q

What are the products of glycolysis ?

A

2 x pyruvate
Net gain of 2 ATP
2 x NADH

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7
Q

what are co-enzymes?

A

Molecules that airs in the function of an enzyme by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

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8
Q

where does link reaction take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

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9
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place

A

cristae ( mitochondrial inner membrane)

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11
Q

what are the products made per krebs cycle ?

A

• 3x NADH
• 1x FADH
• 1x ATP
• 2x Co2

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12
Q

what are the products per glucose molecule in the krebs cycle ?

A

• 6x NADH
• 2x FADH
• 2x ATP
• 4x Co2

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13
Q

what are the products for every glucose molecule in the link reaction

A

• 2x Acetylcoenzyme A
• 2x Co2 released
• 2x NADH

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14
Q

what are the stages of the link reaction

A

• pyruvate made in glycolysis gets oxidised to acetate
• NAD is reduced to NADH
• Acetate then combined with Co enzyme A to produce acetylcoenzyme A

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15
Q

How does pyruvate transport from the cytoplasm to the matrix ?

A

By active transport

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16
Q

How many NADH are made in total after glycolysis , link reaction and krebs cycle from one glucose molecule

A

10

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17
Q

How many FADH2 are made in total after glycolysis , link reaction and the krebs cycle from 1 glucose molecule

A

2

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18
Q

what was the main point of the krebs cycle

A

To make electrons available for oxidative phosphorylation

19
Q

Where do the electrons and protons come from in phosphorylation

A

From the H+ in NADH and FADH2

20
Q

what do electrons do in oxidative phosphorylation

A

They provide energy to make ATP

21
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

In the absence of oxygen respiration occurs anaerobically

22
Q

Where does anaerobic take place

A

Cytoplasm

23
Q

What is the only process that occurs in anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis

24
Q

What are the products of glycolysis in anaerobic respiration in animals

A

lactate

25
Q

What are the products of glycolysis in anaerobic respiration in plants

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

26
Q

What happens after pyruvate is produced in glycolysis in anaerobic respiration of animals

A
  • Pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form lactate in animals by gaining the hydrogen from NADH.
  • This oxides NAD so that it can be reused in glycolysis and ensure more ATP is continued to be produced
27
Q

Why do plants produce different products to animals in anaerobic respiration

A

Because of the different enzymes involved

28
Q

What happens after pyruvate is produced in glycolysis in anaerobic respiration of plants and microbes

A
  • Pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants by gaining the hydrogen from NADH.
  • This oxides NAD so that it can be reused in glycolysis and ensure more ATP is continued to be produced
29
Q

What percentage is aerobic respiration efficient and why

A

32% efficient
• Some protons leaking across mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation
• ATP being used to actively transport pyruvate and NADH into matrix because some energy is lost as heat .

30
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration

A

Only 2 ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule

31
Q

EQ : Without oxygen , less ATP is produced by respiration. Explain why. (2)

A

Only glycolysis is able to take place
Only produces 2 ATP molecules

32
Q

EQ : Explain why converting pyruvate to ethanol is important in allowing the continued production of ATP in anaerobic respiration (2)

A

so NAD can be reused
So glycolysis can proceed

33
Q

EQ : Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is similar to anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell (2)

A

1) produces NAD
2) ATP formed

34
Q

EQ : Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is different from anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell (2)

A

1) Ethanol is formed in yeast whereas in a muscle cell , lactic acid is formed
2) Carbon dioxide is produced in yeast , whereas in a muscle cell , it doesn’t produce Carbon dioxide

35
Q

Why is respiration important

A

Respiration produces ATP
For active transport , protein synthesis etc

36
Q

summarise the stages of anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
NAD regeneration

37
Q

Explain what happens after glycolysis if respiration is anaerobic

A

1) Pyruvate converted to lactate (animals) or ethanol (plants and yeast)
2) oxidising reduced NAD - NAD regenerated
3) So glycolysis can continue allowing continued production of ATP

38
Q

Suggest why anaerobic respiration produced less ATP per molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration

A
  • Only glycolysis involved which produced little ATP (2 c molecules )
  • No oxidative phosphorylation which forms majority of the ATP ( around 34 molecules )
39
Q

Describe the krebs cycle

A

1) acetyl coenzyme A reacts with a 4C molecule
• releasing coenzyme A
• producing a 6C molecule that enters the krebs cycle
2) In a series of oxidation - reduction reactions , the 4C molecule is regenerated and :
• 2 x CO2 lost
• Coenzymes NAD and FAD reduced
• Substrate level phosphorylation
• ATP produced

40
Q

Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

1) NADH / FADH oxidised to release H atoms => split into protons and electrons
2) Electrons transferred down electron transfer chain by redox reactions
3) Energy released by electrons used in the production of ATP from ADP + Pi ( chemiosmotic theory )
• Energy used by electron carried to actively pump protons from matrix to intermembrane space
• Protons diffuse into matrix down an electrochemical gradient via ATP synthase
• Releasing energy to synthase ATP from ADP + Pi
4) In matrix at the end of electron transport chain , oxygen is final electron acceptor
• So protons , electrons and oxygen combine to form water

41
Q

Give examples of other respiratory substrates

A

Breakdown products of lipids and amino acids , which enter the Krebs cycle . For example :
• Fatty acids from hydrolysis of lipids => converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A
• Amino acids from hydrolysis of proteins => converted to intermediates in Krebs cycle

42
Q

EQ: Pea plants respire aerobically , producing ATP which can be used for amino acid synthesis . Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration (2)

A

• Terminal electron acceptor
• forms water

43
Q

EQ: The bacteria respire anaerobically . This produces hydrogen and ATP used in nitrogen fixation. The hydrogen comes from reduced NAD . Explain how the regeneration of NAD in this way allows ATP production to continue (2)

A

• oxidised NAD can accept more electrons
• This continues process of glycolysis

44
Q

EQ : Oxygen is needed for the production of ATP on the cristae of the mitochondrion . Explain why (3)

A
  • forms h2O
  • Electrons cannot be passed along electron transfer chain if no oxygen accepts them
  • ATP formed as electrons pass along transport chain

Biology Year 13 (6 decks)

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