Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Exam 3 > Respiration 2 > Flashcards

Respiration 2 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of lung compliance

A

change in lung volume for a given change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 factors that contribute to compliance

A
  1. lung elasticity

2. surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the equation for lung compliance

A

lung compliance= change in volume of the lung / transpulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is the surface tension of alveoli detected

A

at the air water interface (lining of alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what force constantly acts on the surface of the alveoli

A

an inward force

tends to make alveoli collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is tension reduced at the air water interface of alveoli

A

surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what cells secrete surfactant

A

type II alveoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is surface tension created

A

intermolecular attractive forces

forces on the liquid side are stronger than the air side

  • pulls surface molecules toward water phase reducing surface area
  • remaining molecules at the surface exert opposing force called surface tension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the equation for surface tension in bubbles

A

pressure= 2x surface tension / radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens to pressure when surface tension increases in alveoli

A

pressure increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens to pressure when alveoli radius decreases

A

increases pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what would happen if bubbles of different radii were attached to each other

A

air will flow from high pressure to low pressure so bubble with smaller radii will collapse in absence of surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does surface tension do in alveoli during inspiration

A

resists expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does surfactant reduce surface tension in alveoli

A

reduces intermolecular forces between water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are 2 things surfactant does for alveoli in lung

A
  1. increasing ability to expand lung (alveoli)
  2. allow alveoli to be small and not collapse on itself
    - helps for gas exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is molecular make up of surfactant

A

amphipathic phospholipid and protein

has hydrophobic tails that play a huge role in function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do the hydrophobic tails of surfactant do in terms of force

A

hydrophobic tails wants to move away from water

contributes an upward force at the air-water interface that minimizes the downward force that is constantly pulling the water molecules inward causing the surface tension

therefore the upward force by hydrophobic tails decreases the total surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

besides force contribution what other way does surfactant serve to decrease surface tension

A

decreases the density of water molecules at the air-water interface which will reduce surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what cell regulates the production of surfactant and how is it regulated

A

type II cells in alveoli regulate surfactant

stretch receptors-
sense the need to inflate the lungs (when breathe deep) because the surface tension will increase; then the cells will produce more surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is primary factor in determining lung compliance

A

being able to overcome surface tension

requires muscle energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens if surfactant deficient

A

harder to breathe

respiratory distress–cannot inflate lung well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is ARDS

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

2nd leading cause of death in premature infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

if child is born with ARDS, what will happen to the lungs

A

insufficient surfactant production so lungs will stick together and lungs resist expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is 2 therapeutic measures that can be taken for child with ARDS

A
  1. deliver artificial surfactant

2. mechanical ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are two factors that determine air flow through the tubules

A
  1. change in pressure

2. resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the primary determinant for resistance

A

radius of the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

equation for resistance

equation for flow rate

A

R=1/r^4 R: resistance; r: radius

Flow=change in pressure / resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

some other factors in determining resistance

A
  • transpulmonary pressure
  • elasticity of tissue
  • neuronal and chemical control of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what happens when increase resistance but do not change lung compliance

A

breathe deeply-
exerts more muscle force to increase change in pressure

breathe slowly-
to conserve muscle energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what happens when decrease lung compliance

A

breathe more rapidly-
there is not much change in pressure happening because the lungs don’t change in volume much so have to breathe air more rapidly to bring in enough oxygen

breathe shallow-
conserve muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

asthma is caused by…

A

excessive contraction of smooth muscle in bronchioles (hypersensitivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what happens to resistance in asthma

A

increase resistance so decrease airflow

even during non-attack times, can have increased resistance due to inflamed airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what can induce asthma

A

exercise

allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

treatments for asthma

A

glucocorticoid therapy
-reduces inflammation

bronchodilators

  • epinephrine agonists
  • acetylcholine antagonists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does COPD stand for

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is main concern with COPD

A

increased airway resistance

not getting enough oxygen into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

COPD is associated with…

A

smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

two major components that make up disease of COPD

A

emphysema

chronic bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is emphysema

A

destroyed alveolar tissues by overproduction of proteolytic enyzmes (destroy elastic tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what complications present in emphysema

A

reduced elasticity so increased resistance

airway collapse

difficulty in expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation and production of mucous impairs airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is a complication of chronic bronchitis

A

increased resistance

deeper breathing

43
Q

what does heimlich maneuver do

A

increases pressure within alveolus to overcome resistance and expel trapped artifact

44
Q

define tidal volume

A

(TV): the volume of air that enters the lungs per breath at normal (resting) breath rate

about 500 ml

45
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

(IRS): the amount of air you can continue to breath in passed the TV by breathing in deeply (forced inspiration)

MAX volume inspired

about 3000 ml

46
Q

define expiratory reserve volume

A

(ERV): the amount of air you can force out of the lung after each breath

volume exhaled beyond TV

about 1500 ml

47
Q

define residual volume

A

volume that remains in the lung after forced expiration

volume after MAX exhalation

about 1000 ml

48
Q

define vital capacity

A

total amount of air that can be breathed into the lung after forced expiration (a lung that is as empty as possible)

IRV+ERV+TV=vital capacity
approx 5000 ml

49
Q

define total lung capcity

A

total amount of air that can be held in the lung

vital capacity (vc)+residual volume=total lung capacity

approx 6000 ml

50
Q

what is FEV1

A

the amount someone can expire from the vital capacity in 1 second

51
Q

normal FEV1

A

approx 80% of vc should be exhaled in 1 second

52
Q

obstructive lung disease

explain what happens to vc and FEV1

A

airway is obstructed

vc is normal but FEV1 decreases

vc is normal because can use more muscle force to breath in same amount of air

53
Q

restrictive lung disease

explain what happens to vc and FEV1

A

lungs do not fully recoil

FEV1 is normal but vc is decreased

can be due to neuromuscular deficits

54
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

TV X respiratory rate (breaths/min)

This gives the amount of ml that is breathed in per min

55
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

measure of how much volume of air actually reaches the alveoli after being breathed in

56
Q

why doesn’t all air that is breathed in reach the alveoli

A

because of the dead space (anatomic)

lose about 150 ml of air in a normal person before reaching alveoli

57
Q

what is the equation for alveolar ventilation (AV)

A

AV= (TV-dead space)X respiratory rate

58
Q

what are two ways to increase alveolar ventilation

A
  1. increase respiratory rate (but not the best way because have to consider dead space)
  2. increase tidal volume
    breathe deeper and less frequent (best way to increase AV)
59
Q

what happens during exercise to have optimal AV

A

increase respiratory rate but also increase tidal volume (breath deep) to counteract increased rate

60
Q

what is alveolar dead space

A

mismatch between ventilation and blood flow

61
Q

what are two possible scenarios of alveolar dead space

A
  1. no blood flow to the alveolus

2. reduced blood flow to the alveolus

62
Q

why is the alveolar dead space always greater than zero in even normal lungs

A

because the effects of gravity on blood flow

63
Q

what do the effects of gravity cause for the blood flow to the lung and in terms of gas exchange

A

blood flow is better at the bottom of the lung than at the top

the top of the lung does not have the same opportunity for gas exchange as the bottom of the lung and therefore is less oxygen rich at the top of the lung

64
Q

what is the physiological dead space

A

it is the total sum of the air for ventilation that is not used for gas exchange

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

65
Q

what is external respiration

A

gas exchange between the air in the lung and the blood

66
Q

what is internal respiration

A

gas exchange between the blood and the cells in the interstitial fluid

67
Q

what are the 5 steps of respiration

A
  1. ventillation
  2. external respiration
  3. gas transport in blood
  4. internal respiration
  5. cellular respiration
68
Q

steps of respiration

1. ventilation

A

breathe in air into the alveoli

69
Q

steps of respiration

2. external respiration

A

exchange O2 from air in lung to the blood in lung and CO2 from the blood in lung to the air in lung

70
Q

steps of respiration

3. gas transport in blood

A

O2 goes to the left side of the heart and is pumped out to the rest of the body so gas exchange can happen with the cells

71
Q

steps of respiration

4. internal respiration

A

gas exchange between the blood and the cells in the interstitial fluid

O2 goes to the cells and the cells give off CO2 to go back into the blood

72
Q

steps of respiration

5. cellular respiration

A

the cells that got the O2 from the blood can now send it to the mitochondria of the cell for cellular respiration

73
Q

dalton’s law

A

for a mixture of gases the total pressure is the sume of all the individual pressures (partial pressure)

74
Q

when gases diffuse which direction do they flow

A

from high to low partial pressure

75
Q

pressure exerted by gas is affected by…

A

temperature and concentration

76
Q

when altitude changes what happens to the pressure of gas

A

the partial pressures will change but the percent composition will not

77
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen in an atmospheric pressure at sea level of 760 mmHg?

A

oxygen makes up 21% of the atmospheric pressure and since composition does not change..

multiply 21% by 760 mmHg which equals 160 mmHg

78
Q

what is percentage of oxygen that makes up the composition of the atmosphere

A

21%

79
Q

henry’s law

A

amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to teh partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid

80
Q

what happens to the partial pressure of gases in body fluids as it flows through the blood

what is the partial pressure range

A

as the gas flows through the bodily fluids from the alveolar air through the body systemically back to the arterial alveolar capillaries the partial pressure of oxygen becomes more depleted as it move through the blood

starts at 105 mmHg and goes down to as low as 40 mmHg

81
Q

what are three things that determine alveolar O2

A
  1. atmospheric PO2
  2. rate of alveolar ventilation
  3. rate of cellular O2 consumption
82
Q

alveolar gas pressures are altered by two things

A

ratio of ventilation and metabolism

83
Q

what happens to alveolar O2 and CO2 when breathing in air with low PO2

A

O2 decreases and CO2 has no change

84
Q

what happens if increase alveolar ventilation and don’t change metabolism

A

O2 increases and CO2 decreases

85
Q

what happens if decrease alveolar ventilation and don’t change metabolism

A

decrease O2 and increase CO2

86
Q

what happens if increase metabolism and don’t change alveolar ventilation

A

increase CO2 and decrease O2

87
Q

what happens if decrease metabolism and don’t change alveolar ventilation

A

decrease CO2 and increase O2

88
Q

what happens to alveolar O2 and CO2 when proportional increases in metabolism and alveolar ventilation occur

A

no change in either CO2 or O2

89
Q

what happens with hypoventilation

A

decrease alveolar PO2 because ventilation is decreased

increase CO2 because not releasing CO2 through expiration as much

90
Q

hyperventilation

A

ventilation is increased relative to metabolism

DECREASE in alveolar CO2 because expiring too much
(causes disturbance in pH, increases pH or makes more basic)

increase in alveolar O2

91
Q

what happens during exercise and why is it not termed hyperventilation

A

in exercise

  1. increase respiration rate
  2. increase tissue metabolism

breathing faster so losing CO2 by air being expired but does not disrupt pH because tissue metabolism produces CO2 to compensate

therefore it is not termed hyperventilation

92
Q

solubility of gases (O2 and CO2)

A

CO2 is more soluble in water than O2

O2 will diffuse slower from air to blood

93
Q

what is large safety factor in capillaries

A

the capillaries are much longer than you need for oxygen to be diffused into blood

usually first 20-30% of capillary length is needed to reach appropriate concentration of O2 (100 mmHg)

In a diseased lung- capillary does not pick up Oxygen as fast but can still pick up enough for survival by using the additional length of the capillary

94
Q

why is it so hard for oxygen to diffuse in disease and strenuous exercise when the walls of the alveoli are thickened

A

O2 is not very soluble to begin with so very affected by a thicker wall to diffuse across

CO2 is not as affected (more soluble)

95
Q

how is ventilation perfusion inequality corrected by LOCAL FACTORS (2 pathways)

A

decrease airflow–>decrease alveolar PO2–>decrease blood PO2–>vasconstriction–>decrease blood flow

  • vasoconstriction is needed when have reduced airflow because need to slow down blood to allow more time for diffusion of O2
  • also diverts blood to healthy parts of the lung that can serve function

decrease blood flow–>decrease alveolar PCO2–>bronchoconstriction–>decreased air flow

-bronchoconstriction is used to divert air to other parts of the lung where blood supply is functional (divert to healthy alveoli)

96
Q

in pulmonary edema (fluid filled alveoli) and diffuse interstitial fibrosis (thickening of alveolar walls) why is oxygen more affected than CO2

A

O2 is less soluble and has more difficulty diffusing through the thick walls and fluid

97
Q

how does gravity and flow rate of fluid create perfusion inequalities in PO2

A

gravity causes the blood to flow to the bottom of the lung more readily so there is greater perfusion at the base of the lung

but the blood flow is too fast for the O2 to diffuse fully (O2 not very soluble, diffuses slow) so the P02 of the blood is about 5 mmHg lower than PO2 in the alveoli

98
Q

LOCAL response to decreased airflow in the lung

A

vasconstriction

99
Q

LOCAL response to decrease blood flow in the lung

A

bronchoconstriction

100
Q

what is the PO2 in pulmonary arteries going back to the lung

A

40 mmHg

101
Q

what is the PO2 in pulmonary veins that leaves the lung

why is it not in equilibrium with the PO2 in the alveoli?

A

100 mmHg

diffusion cannot happen as fast as the flow rate of the blood so not all the oxygen diffuses into the blood

also the physiological dead space plays a role; gravity causes less blood to perfuse the top of the lung

102
Q

what is the PCO2 in pulmonary veins that leaves the lungs

A

40 mmHg

103
Q

what is the PCO2 in pulmonary arteries heading back to the lung after tissue diffusion

A

46 mmHg

Physiology Exam 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions