Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Exam 3 > GI 1 > Flashcards

GI 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 digestive functions of saliva

A
  1. taste
  2. lubricant
  3. initiates digestion of starch
  4. initiates digestion of fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three major salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of secretions comes from each salivary gland (majors and minors)

A

Parotid- serous

submandibular- mixed secretion

sublingual- mucous

minor salivary glands- mucous

except lingual minor salivary gland (von ebner)- serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name ducts that the major salivary glands secrete saliva into oral cavity

A

parotid: stensons
Submandibular: whartons
sublingual: rivinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which major salivary gland is active at rest?

A

submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what gland is the major source for amylase

A

parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which gland(s) secrete mucin

A

submandibular and sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are minor salivary glands located

A

all throughout the oral cavity

  • labial
  • buccal
  • palatine
  • lingual
  • sublingual mucosae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of von ebners glands

A

assoicated with taste

flush out circumvallate and foliate papilla of the tongue to allow taste buds to come in contact with food you eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does von ebner gland secrete and what is the purpose of the secretion

A

lingual lipase
breaks down fatty acids

not destroyed by acid in the stomach so continual breakdown of fatty acids in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the structure of a salivon look like

A

a bunch of grapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is it called at the tip of the grape in the salivon

A

acinus

secretory end piece

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the acinar cells that make up the secretory end piece or acinus

A

mucous cells and serous cells

myoepithelial cells wrap around each acinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

list the pathway of ducts from acinus to excretion

A

acinus–>intercalated duct–>striated duct–>excretory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what cells are responsible for producing saliva

A

acinar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are three components in composition of saliva

A

mostly water
inorganic salts: Na, K, Cl, HCO3
Organic components:
-acinar cells: amylase, lipase, mucoproteins, proline-rich proteins, tyrosine-rich proteins
-non acinar origin: lysozyme, immunoglobulin, growth factors, NGF (proteins involved in immune response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are mucoproteins found most

A

in mucous secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where are inorganic salts found most

A

in serous secretions (keeps it watery, because water wants to follow salts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the pH of saliva and why is this important

A

pH is from 6.7-7.4

good buffering capacity
important because if pH decreases too much teeth will dissolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the primary mechanism for salivary fluid secretion

A
  1. Na/K ATPase maintains the Na concentration gradient
  2. Na+ will be higher outside the cell than inside the cell
  3. Na will diffuse into the cell and drag along K and Cl-
  4. accumulation of these ions inside the cell and hang out until action potential causes depolarization
  5. release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum that opens the Ca2+ gated Cl- channel
  6. Cl- will move into the lumen of the duct
  7. Na+ will paracellular transport into the cell because of the increase in Cl- and H2O will follow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are two alternative mechanism for salivary fluid secretions

A
  1. CO2 can diffuse into the cell passively
  2. Carbonic anhydrase converts it to HCO3 and H+
  3. HCO3 can exhange with Cl-
  4. Cl- hangs out until Ca2+ release from SR
  5. CO2 can diffuse into the cell
  6. CA make HCO3
  7. HCO3 can diffuse through a Ca2+ gated channel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

primary and secondary secretions

  • where take place
  • how does flow rate affect electrolyte secretion
  • permeability to water
  • tonicity of fluid
A

primary

  • acini
  • permeable to water
  • flow rate does not affect electrolyte composition
  • isotonic fluid

secondary

  • in duct
  • not permeable to water
  • slow flow rate increase [K]
  • fast flow rate increase [Na]
  • hypotonic fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is most abundant protein in saliva

A

mucin

24
Q

mucin is…

A

most abundant protein in saliva
carbohydrate rich
make saliva viscous
produced by submandibular and sublingual gland

25
Q

what enzyme is produced by parotid gland

A

amylase

26
Q

what is amylase packaged in

A

zymogen granules

27
Q

what does amylase do

A

initiates breakdown of starch

28
Q

what does lingual lipase do in regards to digestion

A

breakdown fats

29
Q

what secretes lingual lipase

A

von ebener’s glands

30
Q

what is muramidase, what does it target

A

target bacteria

lyzes muramic acid in bacterial cell wall

31
Q

what is the most abundant immunoglobulin found in the oral cavity on mucosa surfaces
what other immunoglobulins are found in the mouth

A

IgA is most abundant

also will find IgG, IgM

32
Q

what does lactoferrin do

A

binds iron to keep it away from bacteria

bacteria in the oral cavity need iron to grow

33
Q

what are some calcium binding proteins

why do we need CBP

what do they do for enamel

A

histatin, cystatins

calcium is not soluble, needs to be bound to protein

promotes mineralization of enamel

34
Q

what are the two types of growth factor found in saliva

A

EGF: epithelial growth factor
-to replace stomach cells that have been destroyed

NGF: neural growth factor
-to help neurons grow

35
Q

how are proteins secreted

A

via exocytosis

36
Q

what is the process of protein synthesis of proteins in saliva

A
  1. synthesized in ribosomes
  2. packaged into vesicles in ER
  3. moved to apical portion of cell
  4. cell is stimulated and release protein via exocytosis
37
Q

which cranial nerve gives input to parotid and lingual salivary gland

A

IX

38
Q

which cranial nerve gives input to submandibular and sublingual gland

A

XII

39
Q

how does vasoconstriction and vasodilation impact saliva flow rate

A

vasoconstriction would decrease saliva flow rate

vasodilation would increase fluid volume so would increase saliva flow rate

40
Q

how do myoepithelial cells regulate the saliva flow

A

have contractile properties

when squeeze the secretory endpiece will loosen tight junctions between the cells which will allow more Na and therefore more water to flow into the lumen of the salivary duct

41
Q

key neurotransmitter for parasympathetic

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

key neurotransmitter for sympathetic

A

epinephrine

43
Q

what are other substances that are involved in the control of salivation

A

substance P
Neuropeptide Y
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide
vasoactive Intestinal peptide

44
Q

what is the neural pathway from mechanoreceptors being activated to saliva secretion

A 
mechanoreceptors are activated
-taste bud
-PDL
sensory projection goes through
-trigeminal n
-facial n
-glossopharyngeal n
synapse in solitary nucleus/trigeminal nucleus
synapse on superior salivatory nucleus
signal goes back out of CNS via XII or IX to respective glands for secretion
45
Q

which neurotransmitter is responsible for watery secretion

A

acetylcholine

46
Q

which neurotransmitter is responsible for protein rich secretion

A

norepinephrine

47
Q

what receptor is primarily responsible for increasing intracellular calcium when activated and opening the Cl- and K- channels

A

muscarinic or a-adrenergic

48
Q

what is PKA mediated exocytosis

steps?

A

this is how proteins are secreted into the saliva

  1. B adrenergic receptor is activated via norepinephrine
  2. activate cAMP
  3. activate protein kinase A (PKA)
  4. phosphorylate proteins that help vesicles (packaged with salivary proteins) fuse with membrane
  5. exocytosis
49
Q

which branch of ANS is responsible for watery secretion?

what about protein rich secretion?

A

water- parasymp

protein-symp

50
Q

can we use saliva as diagnostic fluid?

any limitations?

A

yes, can pass things from blood to saliva

can detect

  • infection
  • endocrine disorders
  • cardiovascular problems
  • cancer

limitation: concentration much lower in saliva of substances so harder to detect than blood

51
Q

what happens when decrease in saliva (3)

A
  • hallitosis
  • dry mouth: tongue swell, deep fissures, lips swell
  • decrease buffer capacity
52
Q

what is the disease when salivary glands get clogged

A

MUMPS

53
Q

what do older people have trouble with dry mouth

A

ANS is less active

on more medications that can have dry mouth as side effect

54
Q

what is the scientific name for dry mouth

A

xerostomia

55
Q

how does radiation therapy affect saliva

A

destroys salivary glands–xerostomia

56
Q

treatment for xerostomia (2)

A
  1. stimulate muscarinic receptors
    (pilocarpine)
  2. give artificial saliva

Physiology Exam 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions