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Physiology Exam 3 > Respiration 1 > Flashcards

Respiration 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the most critical function the respiratory system provides?

A

Providing oxygen

Need oxygen for the electron transport chain–>final electron acceptor

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1
Q

What are the 7 main functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Provide Oxygen
  2. Eliminate Carbon Dioxide
  3. Regulate Blood pH
  4. Facilitate speech
  5. Microbial Defense
  6. Activate and Inactivate Chemical Messengers
  7. Defend Against Blood Clots
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2
Q

How does respiratory system regulate blood pH

A

The ventilation rate affects how much CO2 is released which in turn affects how much CO2 is in the plasma

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3
Q

Why do we need respiratory system for speech

A

When we say words air flows out of the mouth

We don’t suck in air when we speak

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4
Q

How does the respiratory system combat pathogens (3 major ways)

A

Coughing and sneezing: expel mucous that is loaded with pathogens

Epithelial secretions: respiratory tubes lined with epithelium secrete antibacterial substances

Lymphoid tissue: B and T lymphocytes cluster beneath the mucosal layer

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5
Q

What is an example of activation of chemical messengers by the respiratory system

A

Angiotensin I–> Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion

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6
Q

How does respiratory system prevent clot formation

A

The endothelial cells lining the capillaries secrete substances that promote protein lysis

Cause fibrolysis: break down fibers in clots and inhibit platelet aggregation

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7
Q

What are the three main components of the respiratory system

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Airways
  3. Mechanical aids
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8
Q

What is the main purpose for the airways

A

Series of tubes to exchange air between the lungs and the environment

Need a way for CO2 to leave the lungs and get out to the environment

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9
Q

What major process occurs at the lung and what is happening during this process

A

Site for gas exchange

O2 into the blood
CO2 out of the blood

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10
Q

What are the three different zones the airways are divided

A
  1. Upper Airways
  2. Conducting Zone
  3. Respiratory Zone
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11
Q

What are mechanical aids and what are they used for

A

Skeletal muscles

Help relax and contract the diaphragm to change the volume in the thoracic cavity

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12
Q

what structures make up the upper airway and where are they in relation to the thoracic cavity

A

mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, upper trachea

these structures are outside the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

what structures make up the conducting zone and where are they in relation to the thoracic cavity

A 
trachea and its branches
-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

inside the thoracic cavity

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14
Q

what is characteristic of the tubules in the conducting zone to allow proper air flow

A

the tubules are not collapsible and stay open at all times

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15
Q

what zone of the airways do gas exchange occur

A

respiratory zone

conducting zone has no gas exchange

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16
Q

what is the trend regarding cartilage and smooth muscle in the conducting zone

A

Bronchi, as they get smaller, will lose cartilaginous rings and increase in smooth muscle

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17
Q

where are mucous glands present in the conducting zone?

A

in the bronchi but not in the bronchioles

as move down the tubules there are less and less mucous glands

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18
Q

what is a key thing that happens in the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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19
Q

what is characteristic about the respiratory zone that allows for gas exchange

A

thin walled respiratory bronchioles

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20
Q

what makes the tubules in the respiratory zone different from the tubules in the conducting zone

A

these tubules are collapsible

need to have air flowing through to keep them open

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21
Q

the structures of the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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22
Q

when initially inhaling air it is cold and dry, what does the respiratory system do to it?

A

heat and water vapor are exchanged with the blood in the airway walls to moisten and warm the air

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23
Q

what does branching structure do to the air flow rate

A

decreases resistance to flow

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24
Q

what are the two types of cells that are in the conducting zone that protect against microbes and how

A

goblet cells:
-secrete mucous that traps pathogens and airborne particles

ciliated epithelial cells:
-cillia on epithelial cells pulse upward to move mucous up and out of the larynx into the esophagus to be swallowed or expelled

“frog in throat”

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25
Q

how does the mucous produced by the goblet cells become watery so it can be easily moved up into the esophagus to eliminate microbes

A

there are Cl- channels in the tracheal cells that normally transport Cl- from the inside of the cell to the lumen of the trachea

Na+ goes with it

Extracellular fluid goes with it making the mucous more watery

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26
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

a disease that impairs normal function of the conduction zone

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27
Q

how does cystic fibrosis affect the normal function of the conducting zone

WHAT ARE 2 CONSEQUENCES OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS

A

mutation in genetic code for Cl- channel reduces the amount of Cl- and Na+ that moves into the lumen of the trachea

water does not follow and the mucous becomes thick, dry, and sticky

cilia cannot beat hard enough to move the mucous upwards

  1. infectious agents are trapped in the mucous but cannot be expelled–INFECTIONS
  2. airways obstruction
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28
Q

what are 3 functions of the conducting zone

A
  1. branching to decrease resistance to airflow
  2. microbial defense
  3. warm and moisten air
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29
Q

what are 3 functions of the respiratory zone

A
  1. regulate airflow
  2. site for gas exchange
  3. microbial defense
30
Q

what is responsible for regulating airflow in the respiratory zone

A

the smooth muscles in bronchioles

31
Q

how is airflow regulated in the respiratory zone

A

controlled by psymp and symp nervous system

sympathetic stimulation causes smooth muscle to relax and dilate bronchioles to increase air flow

32
Q

how are alveoli modified to promote gas exchange (4)

A
  1. INCREASED SURFACE AREA
  2. HIGHLY VASCULARIZED:
    - lots of capillaries
  3. LOW RATE of BLOODFLOW
    - provides time for gas exchange
    - need time for O2 to be picked up by the blood
    - low resistance to flow, low pressure
  4. THIN SURFACES
    - good diffusion of O2 from air into the blood
33
Q

how does respiratory zone provide microbial defense

A

by pulmonary macrophages

34
Q

what are the mechanical aids of the respiratory system

A

skeletal muscles and bones of the thoracic cavity

35
Q

what are the main purposes of respiratory mechanical aids

A

do work of respiratory system

allows air to flow in and out of the lungs

bones provides protection to lungs

36
Q

what are three types of cells found in alveoli

A
  1. type I cells
  2. type II cells
  3. macrophages
37
Q

what is the main function of type I cells in alveoli

what is their structure like

A

gas exchange

squamous epithelial cells (pavement cells)

38
Q

what is the main function of type II cells in the alveoli

A

secrete surfactant

39
Q

what is surfactant and what does the secretion of this do for the lung

A

surfactant is a detergent like substance (mix of proteins and salts)

  • keeps lungs from sticking to itself
  • decreases surface tension
40
Q

what are pulmonary macrophages and what is their function

A

immune cells that remove infected tissue in the lungs

41
Q

what characteristics of the alveoli help with gas exchange

A

thin surface and small diameter

pulmonary capillaries

42
Q

what does small diameter of alveolus do for gas exchange

A

allows for more gas to be in contact with the surface of the alveolus

43
Q

what is the diameter of the alveolar sac

A

0.5 micrometers

44
Q

what is the distance between the pulmonary capillary and the alveolus

A

0.2 micrometers

45
Q

solubility diffusion rates O2 vs CO2

A

diffuse at different rates due to different solubilities

CO2=77mmol/L
O2=2.2mmol/L

CO2 more easily diffuses

46
Q

diffusion of respiratory gases

  • what decides the direction of diffusion
  • describe polarity
A

respiratory gases are small non polar molecule

they diffuse along concentration gradient

they readily diffuse through membranes; do not diffuse as easily through bodily fluids

47
Q

trace the path of diffusion of O2 from respiratory tubule to blood (name all the surfaces the gas must cross)

A
  1. cross plasma membrane on apical side of epithelial cell
  2. cross intracellular fluid
  3. cross basal membrane on other side of epithelial cell
  4. cross basal lamina which is where connective tissue is located where type I alveoli cells are attached
  5. cross extracellular fluid
    GET INTO BLOOD VESSEL
  6. cross basal side of endothelial cell
  7. cross intracellular fluid of endothelial cell
  8. cross apical membrane of endothelial cell

O2 now in blood vessel!

48
Q

what are the “two layers” of the pleural sac

A

parietal: adheres to underside of thoracic wall and top of diaphragm
visceral: pleura covers outer surface of lung

49
Q

what separates the two lungs

A

mediastinum

50
Q

what is the space called between the “two layers”

A

pleural sac

51
Q

how is airflow related to pressure difference and resistance to flow

A

airflow= change in pressure/resistance

directly related to change in pressure
indirectly related to resistance

52
Q

what are the purposes of intrapleural fluid (3)

A
  1. lubricate surfaces: so when lungs expand, don’t rub on ribs
  2. subject to pressure changes when thoracic cavity expands or contracts
  3. controls volume of lung
53
Q

ventilation relies on…

A

pressure differences between air in the lungs and air outside the lungs

54
Q

how do we calculate change in pressure

A

pressure in alveoli minus pressure in atmosphere

55
Q

describe air pressure inside lung and in atmosphere at inspiration

A

air pressure in lung is less than air pressure of atmosphere

56
Q

describe air pressure inside lung and in atmosphere during expiration

A

air pressure in lung is more than air pressure of atmosphere

57
Q

what causes pressure in the alveoli to change

A

change in volume of alveoli will change the air pressure if the molecules are constant

change in molecules but constant volume will change air pressure

58
Q

are the lungs capable of changing volume

A

yes the lungs can stretch and recoil

59
Q

what is the alveolar pressure

A

the pressure in the lung

60
Q

what is the intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in the fluid in the intrapleural space

61
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure

A

the difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

important in inflation/deflation of the lung

62
Q

what happens with muscles at the beginning of inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

external intercostals contract to lift rib cage further increasing the thoracic cavity

63
Q

what happens with muscles at the beginning of expiration

A

the diaphragm relaxes which decreases the volume in the thoracic cavity (diaphragm domes up)

external intercostals relax lowering the rib cage and also decreasing the thoracic cavity (decrease volume)

64
Q

what is the relationship between air pressure of alveoli and atmosphere between breaths

A

air pressure of alveolar and atmosphere equal each other (no air is moving)

65
Q

what pressure is always negative and why

A

interpleural pressure

because chest wall tends to pull outward and lungs tend to recoil inward (opposite direction)

don’t want high pressure cause don’t want lungs to collapse

66
Q

what happens to air pressure as diaphragm contracts and thorax expands

A

inspiration

interpleural pressure becomes more negative

makes transpulmonary pressure increase so lung will expand and pressure will decrease lower than atmospheric pressure therefore air will flow into the lungs until Palv=Patm again

67
Q

what happens to air pressure as diaphragm relaxes and thorax compresses

A

expiration

interpleural pressure becomes less negative (increases)

transpulmonary pressure will then decrease so lung volume will decrease and pressure will increase higher than atmospheric air pressure therefore air will flow out of lung until Palv=Patm again

68
Q

if additional muscles are involved other than diaphragm

A

forced expiration and forced inspiration

69
Q

follow the pathway from beginning of inspiration to when air flows into the lungs

A
  1. diaphragm contacts
  2. thorax expands
  3. interpleural pressure decreases (more negative)
  4. transpulmonary pressure increases (Palv minus or more negative making more positive)
  5. lungs expand
  6. pressure in alveoli becomes less than atmospheric pressure
  7. air flows into lung
70
Q

follow the pathway from beginning of expiration to when air flows out of the lungs

A
  1. diaphragm relaxes
  2. thorax compresses (chest wall recoils)
  3. interpleural pressure increases (becomes less negative)
  4. transpulmonary pressure decreases (Palv minus a less negative number)
  5. lungs recoil (compressed)
  6. pressure in alveolus increases above atmostpheric pressure
  7. air flows out of lungs
71
Q

what causes pneumothorax

A

punctured lung

no longer different pressures

72
Q

what happens to the lung and chest wall if pneumothorax

A

lung collapses; chest wall expands

can happen to just one lung while the other stays inflated

Physiology Exam 3 (7 decks)

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