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Module 5 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need respiration

A

To generate usable ATP for reactions in the body

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2
Q

Processes which require cellular respiration

A
  • active transport
  • endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
  • dna replication
  • cell division
  • protein synthesis
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3
Q

Site of aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

Mitochondria labelled

A
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5
Q

Features of mitochondria (structures in it)

A

Cristae
Matrix
Granules
Ribosome
Mitochondrial dna
Outer & inner (double) membrane

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6
Q

Four stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

The cytosol (cell cytoplasm)

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8
Q

Overall reaction is glucose -> 2 pyruvate molecules + 2ATP + 2red.NAD: why does glucose have to be converted to pyruvate

A

Glucose too big to enter mitochondria, but pyruvate can

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9
Q

Main stages of glycolysis

A

1) phosphorylation of glucose to hexose biphosphate
2) splitting of hexose biphosphate into 2 T.P. Molecules
3) oxidation of TP molecules

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10
Q

What’s the coenzyme involved in glycolysis

A

NAD

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11
Q

What does NAD do in glycolysis

A

Accept H atoms from TP as it is oxidised, reducing NAD (x2)

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12
Q

Stage 1 of glycolysis = phosphorylation of glucose to hexose biphosphate: what happens here?

A

Glucose is phosphorylated by 2 ATP molecules, forming hexose biphosphate & 2 ADP as waste products

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13
Q

Where are the phosphate groups on hexose biphosphate

A

Carbon 1 & 6

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14
Q

Stage 3 of glycolysis: oxidation of TP molecule: what happens here?

A
  1. 2 TP molecules are oxidised to from to form 2 pyruvate molecules
  2. Hydrogen atom removed from each TP molecule by dehydrogenase enzymes & coenzyme NAD
  3. 2 NAD molecules accepts these H atoms & are reduced to from 2 reduced NAD molecules
  4. ADP (4 of them) molecules phosphorylated-> 4 ATP
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15
Q

In the link reaction, where does pyruvate from the cell cytoplasm go to?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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16
Q

How is pyruvate moved from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix

A
  • actively transported across double membrane of mitochondria
  • using transport protein and ATP
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17
Q

Link reaction reactants

A

2 pyruvate + 2NAD + 2 CoA

18
Q

Link reaction products

A

2CO2 + 2 reduced NAD + 2 acetyle CoA

19
Q

Link reaction reactants & products equation

A

(This means the products of link reaction per glucose molecule btw x)

20
Q

The link reaction is the only stage where (…) isn’t produced

A

ATP

21
Q

What are the 2 stages of the link reaction

A

Oxidative decarboxylation & dehydrogenation of pyruvate
Formation of acetyl coenzyme A

22
Q

What happens in the oxidative decarboxylation & dehydrogenation of pyruvate

A
23
Q

How is acetyl coenzyme A formed

A
24
Q

Where does the 3rd stage of respiration: the Kreb’s cycle: occur

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

25
Q

Function of the Krebs cycle

A

Oxidation of acetyl group from acetyl CoA to form CO2, reduced NAD & reduced FAS through the oxidation of citrate

26
Q

Products of the Krebs cycle (per glucose molecule - 2 cycles)

A
27
Q

Products of Krebs cycle per 1 cycle

A

3 reduced NAD
1 reduced FAD
2 carbon dioxide
1 ATP

28
Q

Link reaction linked to Krebs cycle diagram

A
29
Q

Explain the stages of the Krebs cycle using this diagram

A
  1. Acetyl group from Acetyl CoA & OOA (oxalacetate) react to form citrate
  2. Coenzyme A released
  3. Citrate oxidised to form
    - 5C compound
    - 1 CO2
    - 1 reduced NAD
  4. 5C compound further oxidised to form 4C intermediate compound + 1CO2 + 1 reduced NAD
  5. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs (ADP + phosphate group) producing 1 ATP
  6. A series of enzyme - catalysed redox reactions occur: to produce 1 reduced NAD, 1 reduced FAD, & OAA is regenerated so the cycle can repeat
30
Q

What are the substrates that can be respired aerobically in the Kreb’s cycle

A

Fatty acids
Glycerol
Amino acids

31
Q

Coenzymes involved in respiration? (3)

A

NAD
FAD
Acetyl CoA

32
Q

What is acetyl CoA!

A

A nucleotide consisting of ribose, adenine & a vitamin

33
Q

What are coenzymes

A
34
Q

Where does the 4th stage of respiration: oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

Whats the movement of protons during oxidative phosphorylation

A

-> matrix -> inter membrane space -> matrix

36
Q

Steps of oxidative phosphorylation

A
37
Q

What is the chemiosmosis theory

A
38
Q

How is ATP formed as the protons re-enter the matrix

A
  • flow of protons through proton channel in ATP synthase (located in the inner mitochondrial matrix)
  • causes conformational change in ATP synthase
  • this provides energy for ADP to combine with phosphate group
39
Q

Products of oxidative phosphorylation (per glucose molecule)

A

Water & 28 ATP

40
Q

Net gain of ATP per glucose per stage of respiration

A
41
Q

Why is the theoretical yield of ATP not usually achieved

A

Module 5 (12 decks)

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