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Module 5 > Animal Responses > Flashcards

Animal Responses Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is split into the CNS & PNS - what’s the difference

A

CNS = brain & spinal cord
PNS = rest of neurons that connect CNS-body

The PNS is composed of sensory + motor neurons & sensory receptors outside of the CNS
- they connect & ensure rapid communication between sensory receptors, the CNS & effectors

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2
Q

Divisions of the PNS

A
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3
Q

What’s the sensory nervous system

A
  • division of PNS
  • sensory fibres entering CNS (dendrons of sensory neurons)
  • sensory neurones enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root
  • motor neurones leave the spinal cord through the ventral root
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4
Q

Whats the motor nervous system & its two divisions

A

It’s a division of the PNS
It conducts action potentials from the CNS to effectors
Breaks into the somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Somatic versus Autonomic nervous system

A
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6
Q

What 2 divisions does the autonomic nervous system break down into?

A

Sympathetic system (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic system (rest & digest)

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7
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic system

A
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8
Q

What is the central nervous systems functionm

A

Made up of the brain & spinal cord
Function: transmit messages to and from the brain
Controls spinal flexes

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9
Q

Function & features of the spinal cord

A
  • many relay neurons
  • central grey matter
  • many myelinated neurones
  • outer white matter
    -> rapid transmission of action potentials up and down the spinal cord
    + protected by the veterbrae column
    between each vertebrae, peripheral nervous enter & leave the spinal cord, carrying action potentials to form the rest of the body
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10
Q

Structure of the brain

A
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11
Q

Function & structure of the cerebrum

A

Function!
Deals with higher functions e.g. conscious thought & actions, emotional responses, speech, thinking, problem solving & memory, vision & hearing

Structure
- divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres
- connected via corpus callosum
- right hemisphere controls left side & vice versa
- largest part of the brea
- has grey & white matter

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12
Q

Function & structure of cerebellum

A

Function:
Co-ordinates balance & fine control of movement
works subconsciously / involuntarily

Structure:
- below cerebrum
- has complex nervous pathways, strengthened by practice

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13
Q

Medulla oblongata function

A
  • Controls physiological processes & Co-ordinates automatic stuff
    (Via negative feedback)
  • controls non-skeletal muscles e.g. cardiac / involuntary smooth

3 centres: cardiac, vasomotor & respiratory - to regulate vital processes

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14
Q

What do the 3 centres of the medulla do (cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory)

A

Cardiac - controls heart rate
Vasomotor - controls contraction of smooth muscles in arteriole walls - and therefore blood pressure & circulation
Respiratory - controls breathing rate & depth

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15
Q

Where’s the medulla found

A

@ the base of the brain, where the brain joins the spinal cord

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16
Q

Hypothalamus functions & features

A
  • Co-ordinates homeostatic responses by negative feedback to maintain a constant internal environment
  • e.g. Thermoregulation, osmoregulation
  • monitors temperature & water potential of blood flowing through
  • has sensory receptors
  • can release hormones / stimulate pituitary gland
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17
Q

Pituitary gland function & structure

A

Produces range of hormones
Acts in conjunction with the hypothalamus
Divided into 2 lobes - anterior & posterior
Found @ the base of the brain
Endocrine gland
Below hypothalamus (attached under it)

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18
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland do

A

Secrete many hormones which control a no. of physiological processes, e.g. stress, growth, respiration

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19
Q

What does the posterior lobe do:

A

Stores & releases hormones made by hypothalamus

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20
Q

What are reflex actions

A

Responses to stimuli which don’t involve any processing in the brain to co-ordinate movement

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21
Q

What’s the reflex pathway

A

Sensory neurone detects stimuli -> relay neurone -> motor neurone -> this conducts action potential to the effector -> appropriate response
Pathway as short as possible so the reflex is a rapid response

22
Q

What is the value of reflex actions

A
23
Q

The 3 types of reflex actions we have to know

A
  1. Knee jerk
  2. Blinking
  3. Corneal
24
Q

Details about the knee jerk reflex

A
25
Q

Details about the blinking reflex

A
26
Q

Details about the corneal reflex

A
27
Q

Whats a spinal reflex

A

A nervous pathway for reflex passes through part of spinal cord

28
Q

What is a reflex arc vs cranial reflex

A

The receptor & effector of reflex arc in the same place
(While a cranial reflex - the pathway goes through the brain, but a direct one)

29
Q

Example of a co-ordinated response between the nervous and endocrine system

A

Fight or flight response
Nervous = rapid response
Endocrine = prolonged response

30
Q

Physiological changes in the fight or flight response

A
31
Q

Physiological changes in the fight or flight response

A
32
Q

Survival value of the fight or flight physiological responses e.g. what do each of them actually do

A
  1. Pupils dilate = more light enters eyes = define more sensitive
  2. Heart rate / B.P. Increase -> increased rate of blood flow, therefore more oxygen & glucose delivered to muscles -> more CO2 toxins removed
  3. Blood glucose levels increase = energy supplied for muscle contraction
  4. Hair erector muscles contract -> hair stands up, therefore aggression sign
  5. Endorphins released in brain -> wounds don’t prevent activity
  6. Ventilation rate & depth increases = more gaseous exchange = more O2 enters blood
33
Q

How is the fight or flight response co-ordinated between both the endocrine and nervous system

A
  1. Input into sensory centres in cerebrum, so it passes signals to association ones
  2. Threat recognised by cerebrum which
    -> stimulates hypothalamus to increase activity of sympathetic system, so more hormones released
  3. Sympathetic N.S stimulated by hypothalamus, activates adrenal medulla, so adrenaline secreted into blood stream
34
Q

Mechanism of adrenaline action
Describe using the image

A

Adrenaline = 1st messenger (can’t enter target cells)
-> so binds to receptor on CSM
- G protein on inner surface of CSM stimulated
-> adenyl cyclase is activated
- ATP converted to cAMP (second messenger)
cAMP activates the enzyme action inside the cell

35
Q

What does TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) do?

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to release more thyroxine -> increases metabolic rate -> cells more sensitive to adrenaline

36
Q

What does ACTH do

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones e.g. glucocorticoids like cortisol-> regulates metabolism of carbohydrates -> more glucose released from glycogen stores

37
Q

How did nerves from the cardiovascular centre in the medulla alter the frequencies of waves of excitation / heart contractions

A

They signal to the SAN

38
Q

How to increase versus decrease heart rate using action potentials, SAN secretion of a hormone, waves of excitation?

A
39
Q

Accelerans vs vagus nerve

A

Vagus = parasympathetic
Accelerans = sympathetic

40
Q

At rest, the heart rate is controlled by the SAN -> frequency of contractions can be changed by what inputs where

A

Sensory inputs to the cardiovascular centre

41
Q

What are the sensory inputs of the cardiovascular centre

A
  1. Stretch receptors in muscles
  2. Stretch receptors in cartoid sinus
  3. Adrenal medulla
  4. Blood CO2 concentration
  5. Chemoreceptors
42
Q

How do stretch receptors in muscles work to Inc heart rate

A
43
Q

How do stretch receptors in the carotid sinus reduce rate of heart

A
  • monitor blood pressure
  • higher frequency of heart contractions = detected high blood pressure
    Action potentials sent down vagus nerve to reduce rate
44
Q

How does the adrenal medulla increase heart rate

A

Secretes adrenaline, noradrenaline, can also be via thyroxine

45
Q

How does blood co2 conc affect heart rate

A
46
Q

How do chemoreceptors lead to a change in heart rate

A
47
Q

How can heart rate be artificially controlled

A

Using an artifical pacemaker fitted under the skin & fat on chest
-> can be connected to SAN or directly to ventricle muscle -> therefore, pacemaker delivers electrical impulse to cardiac muscle

48
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Junction between nervous system and muscles

49
Q

Stimulation of contraction / action of the neuromuscular junction

A
50
Q

Cholinergic synapse vs neuromuscular junction

A

Module 5 (12 decks)

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