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Module 5 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles

A

Cells arranged to form fibres -> when fibres contract, they become shorter, producing force

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A
  1. Skeletal (/voluntary/striated)
  2. Smooth (involuntary)
  3. Cardiac
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3
Q

Features of skeletal muscle

A
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4
Q

Features of smooth muscle

A
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5
Q

Features of cardiac muscle

A
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6
Q

What are myofibrils

A
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7
Q

Actin (thin filament) structure details

A
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8
Q

Myosin (thick filament) structure

A
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9
Q

How is muscle contraction initiated?

A
  • wave of depolarisation & action potential travels down the sarcolemma & transverse tubules into the muscle fibre
    -> Ca2+ diffuse out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum & into the sacroplasm of the muscle fibre / into the muscle cell
    Then, Ca2+ binds with troop in molecules -> this initiates muscle contraction
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10
Q

What happens to myosin & what happens to actin when muscles are released

A

Myosin = the myosin head has ADP attached to it
Actin = troponin holds tropomyosin in place to cover the actin-myosin binding site

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11
Q

Contraction is caused by the interaction of…?

A

Myosin & actin

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12
Q

Muscle fibre structure diagram

A
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13
Q

Myofibril structure diagram e.g. A band, I band, M line, z disc etc

A
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14
Q

What’s the A band

A

Contains actin & myosin
Remains same width (during contraction)

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15
Q

Whats the I band

A

Contains only actin

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16
Q

What’s the M line

A

Where all of the myosin joins together

17
Q

What’s the H zone

A
  • contains only myosin
  • in centre of sac Romero
  • no overlap of light & dark bands
18
Q

What happens during contraction (explain using this image)

A
  • Z lines move towards each other
  • Sacromeres get shorter
  • actin slides over myosin
  • H zone & I band = shorter
  • A bands stay same length
19
Q

What’s a sacromere

A

Basic functional unit of a fibre, the distance between 2 Z lines

20
Q

What’s the sarcoplasm & what does it contain

A

The shared cytoplasm within fibres
-> contains many mitochondria & extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum

21
Q

What’s the sarcoplasmic reticulum / what does it have / what does it surround?

A

Specialised ER
Surrounds thick & thin filaments, stored Ca2+ ions, has protein pumps to transport Ca2+ into lumen of sarcoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

What are the 3 processes in the sliding filament model

A

Stimulation
Attachment
Detachment

23
Q

What happens in stimulation of the sliding filament model

A
24
Q

What happens in attachment of the sliding filament model

A
25
Q

What happens in detachment of the sliding filament model

A
26
Q

What happens in the ‘power stroke of myosin’

A

Myosin head moves / tilts backwards
Actin filament slides past myosin filament
Releases ADP + Pi from myosin head

27
Q

Contraction will continue if what is available + if what’s in the sarcoplasm

A

If ATP available
Lots of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm

28
Q

What happens to the muscle when Ca2+ is rapidly pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum from the sarcoplasm

A

It relaxes

29
Q

How is the ATP regenerated made available for continued muscle contraction

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Creatine phosphate

30
Q

How does aerobic respiration regenerate ATP

A
  • many mitochondria in muscle tissue
  • Bohr shift releases more oxygen from haemoglobin in blood
  • Intense activity = delivery of oxygen to muscle tissue limits rate of ATP production
31
Q

How does anaerobic respiration make regenerated ATP available for continued muscle contraction

A

Anaerobic can occur in the sacroplasm of muscle tissue
Leads to production of toxic lactate
Build up of lactate causes fatigue

32
Q

How does creatine phosphate release ATP rapidly

A

Acts as a store of inorganic phosphate groups
- uses these to phosphorylate ADP
- releases ATP very rapidly

33
Q
A
34
Q
A
35
Q
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36
Q
A

Module 5 (12 decks)

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