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Cell Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of aerobic respiration?

A

The three stages of aerobic respiration are glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

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2
Q

In eukaryotes, electron transport chain occurs in …

A

…the inner membrane of mitochondria

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3
Q

In eukaryotes, Krebs cycle occurs in….

A

…the mitochondria

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4
Q

In eukaryotes, where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Prokaryotes carry out all
reactions in the…

A

…cytosol

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6
Q

Glucose is partially
broken down in…

A

…oxidation reactions

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7
Q

Glycolysis occurs […] for each […] […] oxidised.

A

Glycolysis occurs once for each glucose molecule oxidised.

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8
Q

Energy tally per occurrence in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (GTP)
2 NADH
0 FADH2

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9
Q

Energy tally per glucose in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (GTP)
2 NADH
0 FADH2

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10
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate occurs […] for each […] […] oxidised.

A

Oxidation of pyruvate occurs twice for each glucose molecule oxidised.

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11
Q

Energy tally per occurrence of oxidation of pyruvate?

A

0 ATP (GTP)
2 NADH
0 FADH2

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12
Q

Energy tally per glucose of oxidation of pyruvate?

A

0 ATP (GTP)
2 NADH
0 FADH2

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13
Q

Energy tally per occurrence of Krebs Cycle?

A

1 ATP (GTP)
3 NADH
1 FADH2

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14
Q

Energy tally per glucose of Krebs Cycle?

A

2 ATP (GTP)
6 NADH
2 FADH2

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15
Q

Krebs cycle occurs […] for each glucose molecule oxidised.

A

Krebs cycle occurs twice for each glucose molecule oxidised.

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16
Q

Humans, as mammals, convert pyruvate into …

A

…lactate.

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17
Q

What are the three possible fates of pyruvate?

A

1) Ethanol
2) Lactate
3) Acetyl CoA (citric acid cycle)

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18
Q

Pyruvate into ethanol or lactate occurs when…

A

…oxygen is absent

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19
Q

Pyruvate into ethanol occurs in…

A

…bacteria or yeast.

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20
Q

Pyruvate into lactate occurs in…

A

…humans, bacteria, or yeast

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21
Q

Glucose is converted into…

A

…pyruvate once it crosses cell membrane

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22
Q

Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA occurs when…

A

…oxygen is present

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23
Q

Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA which is then funnelled into…

A

…the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria

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24
Q

Where does Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA occur?

A

mitochondrion

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25
Q

Pyruvate into ethanol or lactate occurs in the…

A

…cytoplasm/cytosol

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26
Q

The citric acid cycle occurs in…

A

… the mitochondrial matrix

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27
Q

The electron transport chain occurs in…

A

…the inner mitochondrial membrane

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28
Q

Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase located?

A

Within the mitochondrial matrix

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29
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase break down?

A

breaks down pyruvate into acetyl CoA and CO2 by oxidative decarboxylation.

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30
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase located within the mitochondrial matrix breaks down
pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 by…

A

…oxidative decarboxylation
.

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31
Q

Pyruvate has […] carbons.

A

Pyruvate has 3 carbons.

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32
Q

What is the oxidation reaction in the Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate?

A
  • Acetyl group removed from pyruvate and added onto Coenzyme A which then becomes Acetyl CoA.
  • Involves a loss of electrons
  • Oxidation reaction
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33
Q

Oxidation is …

A

…loss

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34
Q

Reduction is…

A

…gain

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35
Q

What is the reduction reaction in the Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate?

A
  • 1 NADH molecule formed from NAD+ by addition of a H+ ion
  • Reduction reaction
  • Gains electrons
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36
Q

What is the waste product in Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate?

A

CO2 (decarboxylation)

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37
Q

Acetyl CoA feeds…

A

… 2-carbon units into the citric acid cycle

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38
Q

Three alternative names for Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Citric acid cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Krebs cycle

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39
Q

Metabolites in the citric acid cycle
are broken down by …

A

…oxidation to CO2

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40
Q

In the citric acid cycle, the energy released is…

A

…‘stored’ as either ATP, NADH or FADH2

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41
Q

In the citric acid cycle, Oxaloacetate joins…

A

… to Acetyl CoA to form citrate

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42
Q

In the citric acid cycle, Oxaloacetate joins Acetyl CoA to form citrate which means […] carbons are added to […] carbons to make a […] carbon compound.

A

In the citric acid cycle, Oxaloacetate joins Acetyl CoA to form citrate which means 2 carbons are added to 4 carbons to make a 6 carbon compound.

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43
Q

Coenzyme A is an…

A

…activated carrier molecule

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44
Q

What does Coenzyme A (an activated carrier molecule) carry?

A

1) Carries Acyl groups
2) Carries energy (phosphate)
3) Carries H/electrons/reducing power

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45
Q

In the citric acid cycle, Citrate is Converted to…

A

…Isocitrate

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46
Q

In the citric acid cycle, Isocitrate is decarboxylated to…

A

…alpha-ketoglutarate

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47
Q

Succinate coenzyme A is formed by…

A

…oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate

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48
Q

Loss of electrons and hydrogen = ?

49
Q

A reduction reaction is always acccompanied by a…

A

…oxidation reactions and vice versa

50
Q

STEP 5) Succinyl CoA is converted to…

A

…Succinate

51
Q

In step 5, when succinyl coA is converted to Succinate, CoA is released which releases energy which is used by…

A

…Succinyl-CoA synthetase

52
Q

Succinyl-CoA synthetase makes…

A

…GTP from GDP

53
Q

What is GTP?

A

Guanosine triphosphate.

54
Q

Succinyl CoA is converted to Succinate using…

A

… Succinyl-CoA synthetase

55
Q

The conversion of succinyl coA to succinate is known as…

A

… Substrate-level phosphorylation

56
Q

Step 6) Succinate is oxidised to…

A

…fumarate using succinate dehydrogenase

57
Q

Succinate is oxidised to fumarate associated oxidation and reduction reactions?

A

Oxidation reaction = loss of hydrogen
Reduction reaction = FAD into FADH2

58
Q

STEP 7) Fumarate is hydrated to…

A

…malate using fumarase

59
Q

STEP 8) Malate is oxidised to…

A

…oxaloacetate

60
Q

STEP 8) Malate is oxidised to oxaloacetate, what are the associated oxidation and reduction reactions?

A
  • 2 hydrogens come out, molecule becomes oxidised and become oxaloacetate.
  • Partner reduction reaction - NAD which becomes reduced to NADH by picking up hydrogen.
61
Q

Step 9) TCA cycle starts again with …

A

…incorporation of acetyl CoA.

62
Q

TCA cycle products of one turn of the cycle?

A
  • 2 carbons enter (acetyl CoA)
  • 2 carbons leave (CO2)

Energy tally:
ATP (GTP) = 1
NADH = 3
FADH2 = 1

63
Q

TCA cycle occurs […] per […]

A

TCA cycle occurs twice per
glucose molecule

64
Q

TCA cycle totals for 1 glucose molecule:

A

3 NADH x 2 = 6 NADH
1 x GTP (ATP) x 2 = 2 ATP
1 x FADH2 x 2 = 2 FADH2

65
Q

Electron transport chain is also known as…

A

RESPIRATORY CHAIN

66
Q

The Electron Transport Chain occurs in the …

A

… Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

67
Q

Describe the electron transport chain.

A

Reduced NADH & FADH2 pass electrons to proteins in the
electron transport chain, thus becoming re-oxidized.

68
Q

In the electron transport chain, A series of …

A

…coupled oxidation & reduction reactions occur with electrons being passed along a series of carriers

69
Q

In the electron transport chain, O2 is reduced to…

70
Q

electrons will naturally travel from NADH to…

A

…coenzyme Q

71
Q

electrons will naturally travel from NADH to coenzyme Q which is how they…

A

…travel down the electron transport chain.

72
Q

Reduction potentials drive the …

A

…transfer of electrons along the electron transport chain

73
Q

The more positive the reduction potential is…

A

…the more likely something is to pick up eletrons.

74
Q

The passage of electrons down the Electron Transfer Chain is …

A

…exergonic

75
Q

Free energy released is used to…

A

…pump H+s into the intermembrane space

76
Q

Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every NADH =

77
Q

Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every FADH2 =

78
Q

In the electron transport chain, what is the The proton-motive force?

A

The electrochemical potential inherent in a transmembrane gradient of H+ concentration

79
Q

In the electron transport chain, what is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Protons travel back down their electrical and chemical gradient via the ATP synthase. This movement is coupled to ATP synthesis.

80
Q

In electron transport chain, Chemiosmotic Theory is…

A

Energy derived from electron transfer reactions is temporarily stored as a transmembrane difference in charge and pH, which subsequently drives the formation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

81
Q

b2 from F0 associates with…

A

… a alpha/beta subunit in F1 holding them fixed relative to the membrane

82
Q

the Fo cylinder of c subunits is
attached to…

A

…the F1 shaft (y and e)

83
Q

The Fo cylinder is made up of…

A

… c subunuts

84
Q

The F1 shaft is made up of…

A

…y and e

85
Q

The F1 shaft, unlike alpha and beta portions of F1, is able to…

86
Q

The ATP Synthase Complex V is made up of…

A

…F1 particle and F0 complex

87
Q

as H+ flow through the membrane…

A

…the cylinder and shaft rotate and
the beta subunits of F1 change
conformation as the y subunit
associates with each in turn

88
Q

The proton-motive force causes …

A

…rotation of the shaft

89
Q

Describe the Binding Changed Model for ATP Synthesis?

A
  • For every 3 protons which pass through the membrane, the shaft (y subunit) rotates 120 degrees and touches each aB subunit in turn, causing synthesis of 1 atp molecule
  • The shaft causes a change in the
    conformation of the beta-subunit, altering its ADP/ATP binding properties.
  • The subunits interact in such a way
    that if one subunit takes on the beta-empty conformation its neighbour
    on one side must adopt the beta-ADP
    conformation and the other the beta-ATP conformation
90
Q

In the Binding Change Model for ATP Synthesis, every 120 degree rotation = ?

A

every 120 degree rotation = 1 atp molecule synthesised.

91
Q

In the Binding Change Model for ATP Synthesis, movement of 3 protons drives…

A

…synthesis of 1 molecule of ATP

92
Q

An additional H+ is needed for…

A

…the production of ATP

93
Q

How many H+ needed to synthesise 1 ATP?

94
Q

How many H+ used in ATP synthase?

95
Q

How many H+ used in Pi transport?

96
Q

Direct products of glycolysis?

A

ATP = 2
NADH (cytosolic) = 2

97
Q

Number of protons pumped in glycolysis?

A

ATP = 0
NADH (cytosolic) = 20 or 12

98
Q

Number of ATP produced in glycolysis?

A

ATP = 2
NADH (cytosolic) = 5 or 3

99
Q

Direct products of pyruvate oxidation?

A

NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 2

100
Q

Number of protons pumped in pyruvate oxidation?

A

NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 20

101
Q

Number of ATP produced in pyruvate oxidation?

A

NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 5

102
Q

Direct products of Acetyl-CoA
oxidation in Krebs cycle?

A

NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 6
FADH2 = 2
ATP or GTP = 2

103
Q

Number of protons pumped in Acetyl-CoA oxidation in Krebs cycle??

A

NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 60
FADH2 = 12
ATP or GTP = N/A (0)

104
Q

Number of ATP produced in Acetyl-CoA
oxidation in Krebs cycle?

A

NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 15
FADH2 = 3
ATP or GTP = 2

105
Q

Total ATP yield per glucose?

A

32 or 30 ATP

106
Q

Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every NADH =

107
Q

Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every FADH2 =

108
Q

Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every FADH2 =

109
Q

How much ATP/energy generated in Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?

110
Q

How much ATP/energy generated in Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle?

111
Q

Malate is taken to make…

112
Q

Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle is used in…

A

…skeletal muscle and brain

113
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol is known as a…

A

…Miracle Slimming Drug!!

114
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol is…

A

…inner-membrane soluble

115
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol carries…

A

…charge across the membrane
dissipating the proton gradient

116
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol uncouples …

A

…electron transport from oxidative phosphorylation

  • Raises the metabolic rate as a result
117
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol was administered as a…

A

… ‘diet’ drug in the early twentieth century to clinically obese…but not carefully regulated

118
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol was successful in…

A

Successful in eliminating fat ….and patients!

119
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol is taken for…

A

…slimming. When taken, body stops producing energy, which can kill people.

Cell Biology (19 decks)

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