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Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of aerobic respiration?

A

The three stages of aerobic respiration are glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

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2
Q

In eukaryotes, electron transport chain occurs in …

A

…the inner membrane of mitochondria

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3
Q

In eukaryotes, Krebs cycle occurs in….

A

…the mitochondria

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4
Q

In eukaryotes, where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Prokaryotes carry out all
reactions in the…

A

…cytosol

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6
Q

Glucose is partially
broken down in…

A

…oxidation reactions

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7
Q

Glycolysis occurs […] for each […] […] oxidised.

A

Glycolysis occurs once for each glucose molecule oxidised.

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8
Q

Energy tally per occurrence in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (GTP)
2 NADH
0 FADH2

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9
Q

Energy tally per glucose in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (GTP)
2 NADH
0 FADH2

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10
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate occurs […] for each […] […] oxidised.

A

Oxidation of pyruvate occurs twice for each glucose molecule oxidised.

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11
Q

Energy tally per occurrence of oxidation of pyruvate?

A

0 ATP (GTP)
2 NADH
0 FADH2

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12
Q

Energy tally per glucose of oxidation of pyruvate?

A

0 ATP (GTP)
2 NADH
0 FADH2

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13
Q

Energy tally per occurrence of Krebs Cycle?

A

1 ATP (GTP)
3 NADH
1 FADH2

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14
Q

Energy tally per glucose of Krebs Cycle?

A

2 ATP (GTP)
6 NADH
2 FADH2

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15
Q

Krebs cycle occurs […] for each glucose molecule oxidised.

A

Krebs cycle occurs twice for each glucose molecule oxidised.

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16
Q

Humans, as mammals, convert pyruvate into …

A

…lactate.

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17
Q

What are the three possible fates of pyruvate?

A

1) Ethanol
2) Lactate
3) Acetyl CoA (citric acid cycle)

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18
Q

Pyruvate into ethanol or lactate occurs when…

A

…oxygen is absent

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19
Q

Pyruvate into ethanol occurs in…

A

…bacteria or yeast.

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20
Q

Pyruvate into lactate occurs in…

A

…humans, bacteria, or yeast

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21
Q

Glucose is converted into…

A

…pyruvate once it crosses cell membrane

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22
Q

Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA occurs when…

A

…oxygen is present

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23
Q

Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA which is then funnelled into…

A

…the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria

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24
Q

Where does Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA occur?

A

mitochondrion

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25
Pyruvate into ethanol or lactate occurs in the...
...cytoplasm/cytosol
26
The citric acid cycle occurs in...
... the mitochondrial matrix
27
The electron transport chain occurs in...
...the inner mitochondrial membrane
28
Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase located?
Within the mitochondrial matrix
29
What does pyruvate dehydrogenase break down?
breaks down pyruvate into acetyl CoA and CO2 by oxidative decarboxylation.
30
Pyruvate dehydrogenase located within the mitochondrial matrix breaks down pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 by...
...oxidative decarboxylation .
31
Pyruvate has [...] carbons.
Pyruvate has 3 carbons.
32
What is the oxidation reaction in the Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate?
- Acetyl group removed from pyruvate and added onto Coenzyme A which then becomes Acetyl CoA. - Involves a loss of electrons - Oxidation reaction
33
Oxidation is ...
...loss
34
Reduction is...
...gain
35
What is the reduction reaction in the Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate?
- 1 NADH molecule formed from NAD+ by addition of a H+ ion - Reduction reaction - Gains electrons
36
What is the waste product in Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate?
CO2 (decarboxylation)
37
Acetyl CoA feeds...
... 2-carbon units into the citric acid cycle
38
Three alternative names for Citric Acid Cycle?
Citric acid cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle Krebs cycle
39
Metabolites in the citric acid cycle are broken down by ...
...oxidation to CO2
40
In the citric acid cycle, the energy released is...
...‘stored’ as either ATP, NADH or FADH2
41
In the citric acid cycle, Oxaloacetate joins...
... to Acetyl CoA to form citrate
42
In the citric acid cycle, Oxaloacetate joins Acetyl CoA to form citrate which means [...] carbons are added to [...] carbons to make a [...] carbon compound.
In the citric acid cycle, Oxaloacetate joins Acetyl CoA to form citrate which means 2 carbons are added to 4 carbons to make a 6 carbon compound.
43
Coenzyme A is an...
...activated carrier molecule
44
What does Coenzyme A (an activated carrier molecule) carry?
1) Carries Acyl groups 2) Carries energy (phosphate) 3) Carries H/electrons/reducing power
45
In the citric acid cycle, Citrate is Converted to...
...Isocitrate
46
In the citric acid cycle, Isocitrate is decarboxylated to...
...alpha-ketoglutarate
47
Succinate coenzyme A is formed by...
...oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate
48
Loss of electrons and hydrogen = ?
Oxidation
49
A reduction reaction is always acccompanied by a...
...oxidation reactions and vice versa
50
STEP 5) Succinyl CoA is converted to...
...Succinate
51
In step 5, when succinyl coA is converted to Succinate, CoA is released which releases energy which is used by...
...Succinyl-CoA synthetase
52
Succinyl-CoA synthetase makes...
...GTP from GDP
53
What is GTP?
Guanosine triphosphate.
54
Succinyl CoA is converted to Succinate using...
... Succinyl-CoA synthetase
55
The conversion of succinyl coA to succinate is known as...
... Substrate-level phosphorylation
56
Step 6) Succinate is oxidised to...
...fumarate using succinate dehydrogenase
57
Succinate is oxidised to fumarate associated oxidation and reduction reactions?
Oxidation reaction = loss of hydrogen Reduction reaction = FAD into FADH2
58
STEP 7) Fumarate is hydrated to...
...malate using fumarase
59
STEP 8) Malate is oxidised to...
...oxaloacetate
60
STEP 8) Malate is oxidised to oxaloacetate, what are the associated oxidation and reduction reactions?
- 2 hydrogens come out, molecule becomes oxidised and become oxaloacetate. - Partner reduction reaction - NAD which becomes reduced to NADH by picking up hydrogen.
61
Step 9) TCA cycle starts again with ...
...incorporation of acetyl CoA.
62
TCA cycle products of one turn of the cycle?
- 2 carbons enter (acetyl CoA) - 2 carbons leave (CO2) Energy tally: ATP (GTP) = 1 NADH = 3 FADH2 = 1
63
TCA cycle occurs [...] per [...]
TCA cycle occurs twice per glucose molecule
64
TCA cycle totals for 1 glucose molecule:
3 NADH x 2 = 6 NADH 1 x GTP (ATP) x 2 = 2 ATP 1 x FADH2 x 2 = 2 FADH2
65
Electron transport chain is also known as...
RESPIRATORY CHAIN
66
The Electron Transport Chain occurs in the ...
... Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
67
Describe the electron transport chain.
Reduced NADH & FADH2 pass electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain, thus becoming re-oxidized.
68
In the electron transport chain, A series of ...
...coupled oxidation & reduction reactions occur with electrons being passed along a series of carriers
69
In the electron transport chain, O2 is reduced to...
...H2O
70
electrons will naturally travel from NADH to...
...coenzyme Q
71
electrons will naturally travel from NADH to coenzyme Q which is how they...
...travel down the electron transport chain.
72
Reduction potentials drive the ...
...transfer of electrons along the electron transport chain
73
The more positive the reduction potential is...
...the more likely something is to pick up eletrons.
74
The passage of electrons down the Electron Transfer Chain is ...
...exergonic
75
Free energy released is used to...
...pump H+s into the intermembrane space
76
Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every NADH =
10
77
Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every FADH2 =
6
78
In the electron transport chain, what is the The proton-motive force?
The electrochemical potential inherent in a transmembrane gradient of H+ concentration
79
In the electron transport chain, what is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Protons travel back down their electrical and chemical gradient via the ATP synthase. This movement is coupled to ATP synthesis.
80
In electron transport chain, Chemiosmotic Theory is...
Energy derived from electron transfer reactions is temporarily stored as a transmembrane difference in charge and pH, which subsequently drives the formation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.
81
b2 from F0 associates with...
... a alpha/beta subunit in F1 holding them fixed relative to the membrane
82
the Fo cylinder of c subunits is attached to...
...the F1 shaft (y and e)
83
The Fo cylinder is made up of...
... c subunuts
84
The F1 shaft is made up of...
...y and e
85
The F1 shaft, unlike alpha and beta portions of F1, is able to...
...rotate
86
The ATP Synthase Complex V is made up of...
...F1 particle and F0 complex
87
as H+ flow through the membrane...
...the cylinder and shaft rotate and the beta subunits of F1 change conformation as the y subunit associates with each in turn
88
The proton-motive force causes ...
...rotation of the shaft
89
Describe the Binding Changed Model for ATP Synthesis?
- For every 3 protons which pass through the membrane, the shaft (y subunit) rotates 120 degrees and touches each aB subunit in turn, causing synthesis of 1 atp molecule - The shaft causes a change in the conformation of the beta-subunit, altering its ADP/ATP binding properties. - The subunits interact in such a way that if one subunit takes on the beta-empty conformation its neighbour on one side must adopt the beta-ADP conformation and the other the beta-ATP conformation
90
In the Binding Change Model for ATP Synthesis, every 120 degree rotation = ?
every 120 degree rotation = 1 atp molecule synthesised.
91
In the Binding Change Model for ATP Synthesis, movement of 3 protons drives...
...synthesis of 1 molecule of ATP
92
An additional H+ is needed for...
...the production of ATP
93
How many H+ needed to synthesise 1 ATP?
4
94
How many H+ used in ATP synthase?
3
95
How many H+ used in Pi transport?
1
96
Direct products of glycolysis?
ATP = 2 NADH (cytosolic) = 2
97
Number of protons pumped in glycolysis?
ATP = 0 NADH (cytosolic) = 20 or 12
98
Number of ATP produced in glycolysis?
ATP = 2 NADH (cytosolic) = 5 or 3
99
Direct products of pyruvate oxidation?
NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 2
100
Number of protons pumped in pyruvate oxidation?
NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 20
101
Number of ATP produced in pyruvate oxidation?
NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 5
102
Direct products of Acetyl-CoA oxidation in Krebs cycle?
NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 6 FADH2 = 2 ATP or GTP = 2
103
Number of protons pumped in Acetyl-CoA oxidation in Krebs cycle??
NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 60 FADH2 = 12 ATP or GTP = N/A (0)
104
Number of ATP produced in Acetyl-CoA oxidation in Krebs cycle?
NADH (mitochondrial matrix) = 15 FADH2 = 3 ATP or GTP = 2
105
Total ATP yield per glucose?
32 or 30 ATP
106
Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every NADH =
10
107
Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every FADH2 =
6
108
Protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every FADH2 =
4
109
How much ATP/energy generated in Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?
5 ATP
110
How much ATP/energy generated in Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle?
3 ATP
111
Malate is taken to make...
...NADH
112
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle is used in...
...skeletal muscle and brain
113
2,4-dinitrophenol is known as a...
...Miracle Slimming Drug!!
114
2,4-dinitrophenol is...
...inner-membrane soluble
115
2,4-dinitrophenol carries...
...charge across the membrane dissipating the proton gradient
116
2,4-dinitrophenol uncouples ...
...electron transport from oxidative phosphorylation - Raises the metabolic rate as a result
117
2,4-dinitrophenol was administered as a...
... ‘diet’ drug in the early twentieth century to clinically obese…but not carefully regulated
118
2,4-dinitrophenol was successful in...
Successful in eliminating fat ….and patients!
119
2,4-dinitrophenol is taken for...
...slimming. When taken, body stops producing energy, which can kill people.

Cell Biology (19 decks)

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