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Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of filaments providing structural integrity to the cell

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2
Q

The cytoskeleton is used for…

A

…transportation within the cell

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3
Q

The cytoskeleton allows movement of …

A

… the cell and cellular projections

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4
Q

What is the cytoskeleton responsible for?

A

cellular polarity

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5
Q

The cytoskeleton is not always…

A

…permanent, can be rapidly remodelled even within permanent structures

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6
Q

Protofilaments are made up of …

A

…smaller subunits

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7
Q

protofilaments are built by…

A

…repetitive assembly of small soluble proteins

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8
Q

Protofilaments are weak…

A

…non-covalent interactions between monomers

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9
Q

Polymerisation and depolymerisation can be used to …

A

…do mechanical work

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10
Q

Distribution and behaviour regulated by …

A

…associated ‘accessory proteins’

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11
Q

Protofilaments are controlled by…

A

…extracellular and intracellular signals

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12
Q

Filaments are made of …

A

…protofilaments

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13
Q

Lateral bonds between protofilaments hold …

A

…filaments together

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14
Q

Arrangement depends on …

A

…the filament type

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15
Q

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton has …

A

…three major components

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16
Q

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton has three major components which are:

A

Microfilaments

Microtubules

Intermediate filaments

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17
Q

What colour are microfilaments?

A

Red

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18
Q

What colour are Microtubules?

A

Green

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19
Q

Narrowest type of microfilament?

A

7nm diameter

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20
Q

Microfilaments are …

A

…Actin monomers (G-actin), globular polypeptide

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21
Q

Microfilaments are polymers of…

A

…F-actin

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22
Q

Microfilaments are ATP/ADP…

A

…binding sites

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23
Q

How do microfilaments assemble?

A

Assemble head to tail, giving polarity

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24
Q

Two parallel protofilaments in a…

A

…right-handed helix

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25
Microfilaments are crosslinked by ...
...accessory proteins to form bundles, or networks
26
Polymerisation of microfilaments initiated by ...
...actin related proteins (ARP)
27
Plus end of microfilaments gains more ...
...monomers than it loses
28
Minus end of microfilaments loses ...
...more monomers than it gains
29
Microfilaments have a [...] structure, known as [...]
Microfilaments have a DYNAMIC structure, known as TREADMILLING
30
ARPs found at ...
...end of actin polymers, and can bind to side of other fibres, creating a web.
31
Examples of parallel bundles of microfilaments?
Microvilli Muscle
32
Examples of mesh of microfilaments?
Lamellepodia
33
Actin-myosin interactions cause...
...contraction of the ring, resulting in separation of daughter cells.
34
Villi and Fibrin link ...
...the actin fibres into tight bundles of 20-30 fibres
35
Myosin I connects...
... the actin to the plasma membrane
36
What is attached to the end of microfilaments?
A cap of proteins is attached to the end of microfilaments.
37
Actin microfilaments run...
...the entire length and support each microvillus
38
Cross linking actin-binding proteins link...
...microfilaments to eachother and to the plasma membrane
39
Pathogen is detected by ...
...surface receptors.
40
Signals are transmitted into...
...the cell to modify actin arrangement.
41
Cell moves towards location of ...
...strongest signal, up a concentration gradient (chemotaxis).
42
What are microtubules made from?
Made from α-tubulin, β-tubulin heterodimer subunits
43
Microtubules involve...
...GTP/GDP binding.
44
HOw many protofilaments in microtubules?
13
45
Different types of interactions in microtubules?
Longitudinal α-β interactions Lateral α-α and β-β interactions
46
Structure of microtubules?
Very stiff and straight
47
What is required in microtubules to start polymerisation?
nucleation
48
GTP bound dimers added to ...
... + end
49
GTP hydrolysed in ...
...polymer
50
GTP hydrolysis of terminal dimers causes a ...
...change in shape of protofilaments -catastrophe
51
Microtubules are insulated by...
...γ-tubulin at - end
52
Wheres the microtubule-organising centre located on animal cells?
in centrosome in animal cells
53
How do microtubules grow?
Grow outwards, from centre of cell
54
Microtubules are used to do what?
Used to organise position of organelles
55
Microtubules can determine...
...cellular polarity eg. Epithelial cells centrosome is near apical membrane
56
Three types of microtubule involved in mitosis:
Aster microtubules Polar microtubules Kinetocore microtubules
57
Whats the red layer in microtubules?
flagella
58
Whats the blue layer in microtubules?
movement
59
Function of intermediate filaments?
- Mechanical stability - Provide mechanical resistance to external stresses, eg erythrocyte deformation
60
The type of intermediate filament depends on...
...location
61
Intermediate filaments are not found in all cell types or all animals, only in...
...'squishy' animals.
62
Intermediate filaments details:
- α helix, forms parallel dimer, then staggered antiparallel tetramer - Many disulphide bridges between cysteine molecules - No nucleoside binding - No polarity - Rope-like - Tough, form protective covering
63
How many classes of intermediate filament proteins?
1) Keratin 2) Vimentin and vimentin-related 3) Neurofilaments 4) Nuclear lamins
64
Function of keratins?
Organelle positioning, cell shape, and integrity
65
Function of vimentin and vimentin related and neurofilaments?
Regulate axon diameter, and axon growth
66
Function of nuclear lamins?
Structural function and transcription regulation
67
Where are keratins found?
in epithelia
68
Where are vimentin and vimentin related found?
in connective tissue, muscle cells, and neurological cells.
69
Where are neurofilaments found?
in nerve cells.
70
Where are nuclear lamins found?
in all animal cells.
71
Keratin intermediate filaments strengthen ...
... the epithelium
72
Keratin attach to...
...desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
73
α-Keratin based intermediate filaments form ...
...protective coverings on mammals
74
The cytoskeleton allows cells to ...
- move - divide
75
The cytoskeleton maintains...
...cell shape and intracellular organisation
76
Cytoskeleton provides...
...mechanical strength
77
Cytoskeleton acts as a...
...intracellular road network, for transport within the cell
78
Myosins- At least 18 types, almost all ...
...move towards + end
79
How many types of myosin?
18
80
Myosin II involved in ...
...muscle contraction
81
Myosin V involved in...
...vesicle/organelle transport
82
Myosin I anchors...
...actin bundles to membrane in microvilli
83
How many families of kinesins?
at least 14 families
84
kinesins move towards...
... + end
85
Kinesins carry...
...membrane enclosed organelles or bind other microtubules
86
Dyenins move towards...
... - end
87
Dyenins are the...
...fastest
88
Function of Cytoplasmic dyenin?
vesicle trafficking and golgi localisation
89
Axonemal dyenins drive...
...movement of cilia and flegella
90
ATP is hydrolysed to...
...ATP is hydrolysed to
91
ADP disassociates from ...
...head
92
In the Prokaryotic cytoskeleton, homologues of all three components found in ....
...bacteria
93
In the Prokaryotic cytoskeleton, FtsZ polymerises into...
...ring
94
In the Prokaryotic cytoskeleton, MreB (and Mbl) serve as...
...scaffold for cell wall synthesis
95
In the Prokaryotic cytoskeleton, there are no...
...molecular motors
96
No molecular motors is thought to...
... limit cellular complexity and size
97

Cell Biology (19 decks)

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