Mendel and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What can variation be caused by?

A

Variation can be caused by:
* environmental factors
* genetic factors
* a combination of the two.

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2
Q

Traits which are caused by genetic
factors can be inherited by …

A

…offspring

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3
Q

The “characteristic” that we see is called the …

A

…Phenotype

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4
Q

The phenotype of eyes may be…

A

…blue, green, brown

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5
Q

Some phenotypes are not…

A

…observed visually

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6
Q

Some phenotypes are not observed visually. They can include
properties such as…

A

…activity of enzymes. e.g. some people may have a highly active form and some may have a form with low activity.

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7
Q

The phenotype is dependent on…

A

…genes which code for particular
proteins.

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8
Q

Most phenotypes are affected by…

A

…multiple genes but some are controlled by single genes.

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9
Q

Each individual has ___ copies of every gene.

A

Each individual has two copies of every gene.

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10
Q

Each individual has two copies of every gene. These may be the
same…

A

form or different forms.

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11
Q

slide 5

A
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12
Q

slide 6

A
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13
Q

The alleles have a particulate nature. WHat does this mean?

A

they do not mix and blend together in
the progeny but remain separate

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14
Q

He explained that the reason that the white colour disappeared during the F1
generation was that the allele for purple was…

A

…‘dominant’ and the allele for white
was ‘recessive’

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15
Q

In genetics we allocate an upper case letter to the…

A

…dominant trait.

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16
Q

Since the dominant trait is purple, we call the gene responsible for it …

A

…‘P’

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17
Q

The recessive trait is given the same letter but in…

A

…lower case

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18
Q

The gene for the recessive trait, white is called…

A

…‘p’

19
Q

For the true breeding parent plants, they will have two copies of the …

A

… same
allele.

20
Q

Organisms which have two identical alleles, such as these, are said to be…

A

…homozygous plants (or homozygotes )

21
Q

Organisms which have two different alleles are said to be …

A

…heterozygous plants or heterozygotes

22
Q

Organisms which use sexual reproduction produce…

A

… gametes which come together
to make the offspring, (sperm and eggs in mammals, pollen and egg cells in
plants).

23
Q

Gametes are produced by…

A

… meiosis (two cell divisions, four daughter cells)

24
Q

Gametes are produced by meiosis (two cell divisions, four daughter cells). So each gamete only contains…

A

…one allele of each gene.

25
Q

The cells of the pea plant are…

A

…diploid

26
Q

The cells of the pea plant are diploid, which means they have…

A

…two alternative variations of a trait,
(these may be the same or may be different)

27
Q

Each organism inherits…

A

… one variation (allele) of the trait from each parent.

28
Q

If the alleles differ, then the…

A

…dominant one determines the characteristic.

29
Q

The Law of Segregation states that…

A

… the two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation.

30
Q

The Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation.
Therefore,…

A

…gametes of the F1 plants (heterozygotes) each have a 50% chance of carrying either allele

31
Q

In monohybrid crosses Mendel showed that tall was…

A

…dominant to dwarf. We know
purple is dominant to white

32
Q

Allele pairs segregate…

A

…independently during gamete formation

33
Q

WHat is Mendel’s
Principle of Independent Assortment?

A

Allele pairs segregate independently during gamete formation

34
Q

We can explain independent assortment on the basis that …

A

…chromosomes segregate in meiosis

35
Q

if the alleles T and t are on one pair of homologous chromosomes and the
alleles P and p are on another pair or homologous chromosomes then we can see that…

A

… they can segregate during meiosis when gamete cells are produced

36
Q

Multicellular organisms have…

A

…many thousands of genes

37
Q

Multicellular organisms have many thousands of genes. Therefore, …

A

…there is a high chance that T/t and P/p could have been on the same
chromosome.

38
Q

Genes situated in close proximity on the same chromosome are said to be…

A

…linked

39
Q

In biology we use the probability of 0.05. This means that…

A

…there is a 5% likelihood
that the results could have occurred by chance, so a 95% likelihood that our hypothesis is correct.

40
Q

Remember that during prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes line up adjacent to each other at the equator of the cell and …

A

…exchange genetic material

41
Q

Remember that during prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes line up adjacent to each other at the equator of the cell and exchange genetic material.
These events are called …

A

…crossovers or chiasmata

42
Q

Slide 38 - 45.

A
43
Q
A