Carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four biological molecules?
A
1) Nucleic Acids
2) Carbohydrates
3) Proteins
4) Lipids
2
Q
Example of nucleic acids?
A
DNA/RNA
3
Q
DNA/RNA are composed of…
A
…nucleotides
4
Q
Example of carbohydrates?
A
Starch
5
Q
Starch is composed of…
A
…monosaccharides
6
Q
Example of proteins?
A
Polypeptides
7
Q
Polypeptides are composed of…
A
…amino acids
8
Q
Example of lipids?
A
Triglycerides
9
Q
Triglycerides are composed of…
A
…fatty acids
10
Q
Define carbohydrate
A
hydrated carbon (carbon and water) (C + H2O)
11
Q
There are 3 main classes of carbohydrates:
A
- Monosaccharides (one)
- Oligosaccharides (few)
- Polysaccharides (many, 20 or more)
12
Q
How many saccharides in mono saccharides?
A
1
13
Q
How many saccharides in oligosaccharides?
A
Few
14
Q
How many saccharides in polysaccharides?
A
Many, 20 or more.
15
Q
Naming and Structure go …
A
…hand in hand.
16
Q
Monosaccharides are the…
A
…simplest carbohydrate unit.
17
Q
Monosaccharides contain a…
A
…one to one (1:1) ratio of carbon
to water molecules and is expressed like this:
- (CH2O)n
18
Q
The most common naturally occurring sugars are…
A
…hexoses and pentoses.
19
Q
Triose =
A
n = 3
- glyceraldehyde
20
Q
Tetrose =
A
n = 4
- erythrose
21
Q
Pentose =
A
n = 5
- ribose
22
Q
Hexose =
A
n = 6
- glucose
23
Q
Heptose =
A
n = 7
- sedoheptulose
24
Q
Hydroxyl functional group =
A
R– OH
25
Aldehyde functional group =
R– COH
26
Ketone functional group =
R– CO –R'
27
In aldose monosaccharides, each carbon in the backbone chain has a...
... hydroxyl (-OH) group, hence poly hydroxy
28
In ketose monosaccharides, each carbon in the backbone chain has a...
...hydroxyl (-OH) group, hence poly hydroxy
29
Isomers have ...
...the same molecular formula but
different structures.
30
All sugars from any class are ...
...isomers of each other.
31
Galactose, fructose, and glucose, and mannose are examples of...
...hexose (6 carbon atoms)
32
Monosaccharides with 5 or
more carbons ...
...preferentially cyclise in solution.
33
Glucose has...
...3 possible forms
34
What are the 3 possible forms of glucose?
D-Glucofuranose
D-Glucose
D-Glucopyranose
35
Most abbundant form of glucose?
D-Glucopyranose
36
Rarest form of glucose?
D-Glucofuranose
37
What form of glucose is <1% ?
D-Glucose
38
Monosaccharides provide...
...energy
39
During Cellular Respiration, what bonds are broken?
During Cellular Respiration C–C bonds and the C– OH bonds in glucose are broken in discrete steps to release energy that can be “harvested” into Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP), the
energy currency of the cell.
40
Monosaccharides can be linked by ...
... O-glycosidic bonds to make
Disaccharides
41
Monosaccharides can be linked by O-glycosidic bonds to make...
Disaccharides
42
O-Glycosidic bonds are between...
...two hydroxyl groups, one of which loses an oxygen in a dehydration reaction.
43
How many monomers do oligosaccharides have?
2-19 Monomers
44
Bond formation requires ...
...energy
45
Energy which is needed for bond formation is provided in the form of...
...ATP
46
Glucose joined by
αlpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds is
found in...
... starch and glycogen
47
Structure of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds?
Bent
48
Glucose joined by βeta-1,4-glycosidic
bonds is found in ...
...cellulose
49
Structure of βeta-1,4-glycosidic
bonds?
Straight
50
Starch and glycogen are examples of...
...HOMOPOLYMERS
51
A homopolymer is a ...
...polymer made from many copies of a single repeating unit.
52
What is starch?
Storage molecule in plants
53
Why is there bending in starch and glycogen?
- Structure is related to function.
- Bending creates compact structures.
54
Whats glycogen?
Storage molecule in animals
55
Why is there branching in glycogen?
Branching provides more sites
for enzymes to work
56
What bonds are located at branch points of polysaccharides?
Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
57
Glycogen has α-1,6-glycosidic bonds every ...
...8-12 residues.
58
Starch has...
...two forms
59
Amylose is ...
...unbranched
60
Amylopectin has α-1,6-glycosidic
bonds every ...
...24-30 residues
61
Cellulose forms ...
...microfibrils in the
plant cell wall.
62
Straight chains with alternating
OH groups form...
...inter-chain hydrogen bonds which add strength.
63
Glucose joined by β-1,4-glycosidic
bonds is found in ...
...cellulose
64
Monosaccharides can be linked by...
...*N*-glycosidic bonds to amines.
65
N-acetyl-glucosamine
polymers form ...
...chitin
66
Why do cellulose and chitin have straight chains for their structure?
- Structure is related to function.
- Straight chains provide strength.
67
Structure of cellulose and chitin?
Straight chains
68
N-acetyl-glucosamine and N
acetyl-muramic acid copolymers form ...
...peptidoglycans in the bacterial
cell wall
69
Define heteropolymer
a polymer containing two or more different but similar monomers
70
Monosaccharides can be linked by...
...N-glycosidic bonds and O-glycosidic bonds.
71
Carbohydrates are attached to...
...most membrane bound and secreted proteins and rarely found on cytosolic proteins
72
Proteins with carbohydrates attached
can be called...
... Glycoproteins
73
Whats a glycoprotein?
Proteins with carbohydrates attached
74
In Glycoproteins the protein constituent is...
...the largest by weight.
75
Glycoproteins (gp) are components of...
...membranes
76
Glycosylation patterns on HIV
glycoproteins...
...evolve rapidly to evade detection by the immune system
- Recognition and Evasion
