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Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four biological molecules?

A

1) Nucleic Acids
2) Carbohydrates
3) Proteins
4) Lipids

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2
Q

Example of nucleic acids?

A

DNA/RNA

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3
Q

DNA/RNA are composed of…

A

…nucleotides

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4
Q

Example of carbohydrates?

A

Starch

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5
Q

Starch is composed of…

A

…monosaccharides

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6
Q

Example of proteins?

A

Polypeptides

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7
Q

Polypeptides are composed of…

A

…amino acids

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8
Q

Example of lipids?

A

Triglycerides

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9
Q

Triglycerides are composed of…

A

…fatty acids

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10
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

hydrated carbon (carbon and water) (C + H2O)

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11
Q

There are 3 main classes of carbohydrates:

A
  • Monosaccharides (one)
  • Oligosaccharides (few)
  • Polysaccharides (many, 20 or more)
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12
Q

How many saccharides in mono saccharides?

A

1

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13
Q

How many saccharides in oligosaccharides?

A

Few

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14
Q

How many saccharides in polysaccharides?

A

Many, 20 or more.

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15
Q

Naming and Structure go …

A

…hand in hand.

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16
Q

Monosaccharides are the…

A

…simplest carbohydrate unit.

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17
Q

Monosaccharides contain a…

A

…one to one (1:1) ratio of carbon
to water molecules and is expressed like this:

  • (CH2O)n
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18
Q

The most common naturally occurring sugars are…

A

…hexoses and pentoses.

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19
Q

Triose =

A

n = 3

  • glyceraldehyde
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20
Q

Tetrose =

A

n = 4

  • erythrose
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21
Q

Pentose =

A

n = 5

  • ribose
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22
Q

Hexose =

A

n = 6

  • glucose
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23
Q

Heptose =

A

n = 7

  • sedoheptulose
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24
Q

Hydroxyl functional group =

A

R– OH

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25
Q

Aldehyde functional group =

A

R– COH

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26
Q

Ketone functional group =

A

R– CO –R’

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27
Q

In aldose monosaccharides, each carbon in the backbone chain has a…

A

… hydroxyl (-OH) group, hence poly hydroxy

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28
Q

In ketose monosaccharides, each carbon in the backbone chain has a…

A

…hydroxyl (-OH) group, hence poly hydroxy

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29
Q

Isomers have …

A

…the same molecular formula but
different structures.

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30
Q

All sugars from any class are …

A

…isomers of each other.

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31
Q

Galactose, fructose, and glucose, and mannose are examples of…

A

…hexose (6 carbon atoms)

32
Q

Monosaccharides with 5 or
more carbons …

A

…preferentially cyclise in solution.

33
Q

Glucose has…

A

…3 possible forms

34
Q

What are the 3 possible forms of glucose?

A

D-Glucofuranose
D-Glucose
D-Glucopyranose

35
Q

Most abbundant form of glucose?

A

D-Glucopyranose

36
Q

Rarest form of glucose?

A

D-Glucofuranose

37
Q

What form of glucose is <1% ?

A

D-Glucose

38
Q

Monosaccharides provide…

A

…energy

39
Q

During Cellular Respiration, what bonds are broken?

A

During Cellular Respiration C–C bonds and the C– OH bonds in glucose are broken in discrete steps to release energy that can be “harvested” into Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP), the
energy currency of the cell.

40
Q

Monosaccharides can be linked by …

A

… O-glycosidic bonds to make
Disaccharides

41
Q

Monosaccharides can be linked by O-glycosidic bonds to make…

A

Disaccharides

42
Q

O-Glycosidic bonds are between…

A

…two hydroxyl groups, one of which loses an oxygen in a dehydration reaction.

43
Q

How many monomers do oligosaccharides have?

A

2-19 Monomers

44
Q

Bond formation requires …

A

…energy

45
Q

Energy which is needed for bond formation is provided in the form of…

A

…ATP

46
Q

Glucose joined by
αlpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds is
found in…

A

… starch and glycogen

47
Q

Structure of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds?

A

Bent

48
Q

Glucose joined by βeta-1,4-glycosidic
bonds is found in …

A

…cellulose

49
Q

Structure of βeta-1,4-glycosidic
bonds?

A

Straight

50
Q

Starch and glycogen are examples of…

A

…HOMOPOLYMERS

51
Q

A homopolymer is a …

A

…polymer made from many copies of a single repeating unit.

52
Q

What is starch?

A

Storage molecule in plants

53
Q

Why is there bending in starch and glycogen?

A
  • Structure is related to function.
  • Bending creates compact structures.
54
Q

Whats glycogen?

A

Storage molecule in animals

55
Q

Why is there branching in glycogen?

A

Branching provides more sites
for enzymes to work

56
Q

What bonds are located at branch points of polysaccharides?

A

Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

57
Q

Glycogen has α-1,6-glycosidic bonds every …

A

…8-12 residues.

58
Q

Starch has…

A

…two forms

59
Q

Amylose is …

A

…unbranched

60
Q

Amylopectin has α-1,6-glycosidic
bonds every …

A

…24-30 residues

61
Q

Cellulose forms …

A

…microfibrils in the
plant cell wall.

62
Q

Straight chains with alternating
OH groups form…

A

…inter-chain hydrogen bonds which add strength.

63
Q

Glucose joined by β-1,4-glycosidic
bonds is found in …

A

…cellulose

64
Q

Monosaccharides can be linked by…

A

…N-glycosidic bonds to amines.

65
Q

N-acetyl-glucosamine
polymers form …

A

…chitin

66
Q

Why do cellulose and chitin have straight chains for their structure?

A
  • Structure is related to function.
  • Straight chains provide strength.
67
Q

Structure of cellulose and chitin?

A

Straight chains

68
Q

N-acetyl-glucosamine and N
acetyl-muramic acid copolymers form …

A

…peptidoglycans in the bacterial
cell wall

69
Q

Define heteropolymer

A

a polymer containing two or more different but similar monomers

70
Q

Monosaccharides can be linked by…

A

…N-glycosidic bonds and O-glycosidic bonds.

71
Q

Carbohydrates are attached to…

A

…most membrane bound and secreted proteins and rarely found on cytosolic proteins

72
Q

Proteins with carbohydrates attached
can be called…

A

… Glycoproteins

73
Q

Whats a glycoprotein?

A

Proteins with carbohydrates attached

74
Q

In Glycoproteins the protein constituent is…

A

…the largest by weight.

75
Q

Glycoproteins (gp) are components of…

A

…membranes

76
Q

Glycosylation patterns on HIV
glycoproteins…

A

…evolve rapidly to evade detection by the immune system

  • Recognition and Evasion

Cell Biology (19 decks)

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