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BIOL 342 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory System

A
  • Provides extensive gas exchange, surface area between air & circulating blood
  • Regulation of blood pH = Blow off CO2
  • Voice production = when we exhale
  • Olfaction = sense of smell
  • Protection
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2
Q

Respiration

A

Sequence of events that result in the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the external environment & mitochondria

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3
Q

External Respiration

A

Gas exchange @ the respiration surface

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4
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Gas exchange @ the tissues

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5
Q

Mitochondrial Respiration

A

Production of ATP via oxidation of carbohydrates, amino acids, or fatty acids (O2 consumed & CO2 is produced)

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6
Q

What are the functions of the Pulmonary Alveoli

A

Site of Gas Exchange
- Expand in Inhalation (O2 in)
- Shrink in Exhalation (CO2 out)
- Consists of simple squamous epithelium = Thin

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7
Q

What are the properties of Lungs

A

Compliance = Distensibility (stretchability) = How lungs expand, affected by surfactant. Mammalian Lungs easily expand = high compliance

Elasticity = Tendency to return to initial size after distension. Recoil ability (destroyed by smoking)

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8
Q

What is Boyle’s Law

A

Boyle’s Law = pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

Increase volume = Decrease pressure

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9
Q

What are the cells of the alveoli? What are their functions

A
  • Consist of thin, delicate pneumocytes Type 1 = gas exchange
  • Consist of pneumocytes Type 2 = produce surfactants
  • Patrolled by alveolar macrophages (Dust Cells) = clean off particles (dust of microorganisms)
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10
Q

What is the function of surfactants?
How do they affect compliance?

A

Surfactants = Decrease the work of breathing
- Surfactants reduce surface tension of H2O
- Makes it easier to inhale -> increase compliance
Compliance = the measure of the lungs ability to stretch & expand

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11
Q

How is O2 transported? What is the importance of hemoglobin?

A
  • O2 transported by carriers.
    PO2 (partial pressure of O2) is low in blood = improved O2 extraction
  • O2 binds reversibly to hemoglobin
    Hemoglobin (Hb) = metalloproteins
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12
Q

What are the effects of pH on O2 affinity

A

HIGH pH = Less O2 is released (Curve shifts to left / lower) = More Affinity lets go of O2 later

LOW pH = More O2 is released (Curve shifts to right / higher) = Less Affinity lets go of O2 sooner

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13
Q

What are the effects of CO2 on O2 affinity

A

HIGH CO2 = More O2 is released (curve shift right / higher) = Less Affinity lets go of O2 sooner

LOW CO2 = Less O2 is released (curve shift left / lower) = More Affinity lets of of O2 later

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14
Q

What are the effects of Temperature on O2 affinity

A

HIGH Temp = More O2 is released (curve shift right / higher) = Less Affinity lets go of O2 sooner

LOW Temp = Less O2 is released (curve shift left / lower) = More Affinity lets go of O2 later

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15
Q

What is diphosphoglycerate? Where is it produced? When is it produced?

A

Diphosphoglycerate = By product of RBC activity = make ATP by anaerobic mechanism
= Produce DPG as a byproduct = always

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16
Q

How is CO2 transported in blood?

A
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17
Q

What is the importance of carbonic anhydrase

A

Carbonic Anhydrase = an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of HCO3 from CO2
CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3 + H+

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18
Q

What does the Fick equation explain

A

Fick equation = Fick equation gives the rate of diffusion. How gases move down pressure gradients
J = DAdC/dx

19
Q

Why is Henry’s Law important? What does it allow you to measure?

A

Henry’s Law: Gas = Pressure x Solubility
How gases dissolve before they diffuse -> must get into blood
- gas under pressure with liquid, the gas dissolves in liquid until equilibrium is reached.

@ given temp. gas in solution = partial pressure of gas

20
Q

Describe the different solubility’s of CO2 & O2. Why do they matter?

A

CO2 likes H2O = High Solubility (diffuses faster than O2 in water)

O2 does NOT like H2O = Lower Solubility than CO2 (diffuses the same as CO2 in air. x1.2)

@ same pressure, CO2 has a much higher solubility in H2O than O2. Had to evolve a mechanism to carry more O2 & must blow off CO2

21
Q

What is Hypoventilation?

A

Hypoventilation = Abnormally low respiration rate
-> results in CO2 buildup in blood (High PCO2)
- Hypercapnia

22
Q

What is Hyperventilation?

A

Hyperventilation = Abnormally High respiration rate
-> results in Low PCO2
- Hypocapnia

23
Q

Acidosis v.s. Alkalosis

A

Acidosis: Low Plasma pH = High H+

Alkalosis: High Plasma pH = Low H+

24
Q

Define Metabolic Acidosis. What are some causes? How can it be fixed?

A

Metabolic Acidosis: Low pH = High H+
CO2 +H2O <- H2CO3 <- HCO3 + **H+ ** ( = increase)

Causes :
- Proton accumulation, Ketoacids (from breakdown of fats or amino acids), kidney diseases -> if kidney can’t pee out H+
Fixes :
- Hyperventilate (combine the H+ w/HCO3 & make the CO2 to blow off)
- Renal (kidneys) compensation (pee out H+ Keeps HCO3)

25
Q

Define Respiratory Acidosis. What are some causes? How can it be fixed?

A

Respiratory Acidosis: Low pH = High CO2
Lungs are mucked up = Cant exhale enough CO2 = causes hypoventilation
CO2 +H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 + H+ ( = increase)

Causes :
- Hypoventilation which could be due to a wet lung (pneumonia), some obstruction in respiratory system
(any disease that prevents CO2 fro being exhaled.
Bronchitis = lots of mucous. Pulmonary edema)
Fixes :
- Renal (kidneys) compensation (pee out H+ & keep HCO3)

26
Q

Define Metabolic Alkalosis What are some causes? How can it be fixed?

A

Metabolic Alkalosis: High pH = Low H+
CO2 +H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 + H+ (decrease)

Causes :
- Loss of protons due to vomiting, diarrhea (Loss HCl)

Fixes :
- Hypoventilate = keep in CO2 to make H+, breathe less to keep CO2 & then make H+
- Renal (kidneys) compensation (keep in H+)
- Alkaline tides = increase in pH after eating large meal

27
Q

Define Respiratory Alkalosis. What are some causes? How can it be fixed?

A

Respiratory Alkalosis: High pH = Low CO2
CO2 +H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 + H+ (decrease)

Causes :
Hyperventilation = blowing off too much CO2 = panic attack, high altitudes

Fixes :
Renal (kidneys) compensation (keep in H+)

28
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors? Why are they there & what do they sense?

A

Chemoreceptors = detects changes in CO2, H+, &O2

29
Q

What happens during quiet inspiration/inhilation?

A

Inspiration = Air pressure within lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure

30
Q

Expiration/Exhalation

A

Expiration = Air pressure within lungs are greater than atmospheric pressure

31
Q

What causes asthma? How do the symptoms relate to what is happening with the airways?

A

Asthma =
- Bronchial constriction to the alveoli

32
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia = Acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli (causes fluid to leak into alveoli & will compromise respiration)

33
Q

What is Bronchitis?

A

Bronchitis = excessive secretion of bronchial mucous (leading cause is smoking -> cilia are compromised)

34
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Emphysema = destruction of the walls of the alveoli = due to loss of elastic fibers
- smoking, pollution, dust
- creates less surface area for gas exchange

35
Q

What is SIDS

A

SIDS = Sudden Infant Death Syndrome = more common in infants of drug abuse, premature babies, etc.
- Stop breathing & doesn’t stop
- Rhythmic generator doesn’t kick in

36
Q

Where does the respiratory zone start?

A
37
Q

What is unique to birds?

A
  • Lungs are stiff & changes little in volume. Has air sacs that can expand and compress
  • Have unidirectional flow or air throughout lungs = Highly efficient
  • Air sacs = NO GAS EXCHANGE
38
Q

Bohr Shift? WHy does it matter qualitatively?

A
  • Bohr Shift = The effect of pH on the hemoglobin -> saturation curve caused by CO2
  • When pH drops MORE O2 is released -> Curve shift Right (Letting O2 go sooner, Less Affinity)
  • When pH rises LESS O2 is released -> Curve shift Left (Letting O2 go later, More Affinity)
39
Q

What does the P50 determine? How?

A

P50 = O2 partial pressure @ which the pigment is 50% saturated. Measure affinity = When HB is 50% saturated at a given O2

40
Q

O2-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

O2-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve : relationship btwn. partial pressure of O2 in plasma and the percentage of oxygenated respiratory pigment in a volume of blood

41
Q

Why can’t you sleep @ high altitudes?

A
42
Q

What are some adaptations @ high altitudes?

A

Increased EPO = RBC increase
Increased hematocrit
Peripheral vasodilation

43
Q

Explain the mechanics of breathing ie volume & pressure changes

A
44
Q

What can cause pulmonary edema? Why?

A

Pulmonary Edema = Fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces and alveoli = could be due to high capillary pressures of increased fluid loss capillaries.
- Due to high BP.
- Can happen @ high altitude.

BIOL 342 (8 decks)

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