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BIOL 342 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the forms of Immunity?

A

Innate: non specific, present at birth
Acquired: after birth

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2
Q

What is Active vs Passive Immunity?

A

Active: antibodies develop after antigen exposure (make antibodies)
- Natural acquired: through environmental
exposure to pathogens
- Induced: Through vaccines that have pathogens

Passive: antibodies from another source (receive antibodies)
- Natural acquired: through mother
- Induced: Injection of antibodies

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3
Q

What are the two categories of defense?

A

Nonspecific: Against any type of invading agent = innate

Specific: protect against specific pathogens

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4
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Antigen: substances recognized as foreign and provoking immune response

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5
Q

What are the levels of immune defense in response to pathogens

A

First line: Nonspecific - Skin (mechanical, chemical, reflexes)
Second line: Nonspecific - Blood (fever, inflammation)
Third line: Specific Immunity (Cell-mediated)

LIFE!

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6
Q

Name all Non-specific / Innate Defenses

A
  1. Physical Barriers
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Immunological Surveillance
  4. Interferons
  5. Complement / “C” proteins
  6. Inflammation
  7. Fever
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7
Q

What happens in the Physical Defense -Physical Barriers (nonspecific, 1st line)

A

Physical Barriers = Keep hazardous material outside body

  • Epidermis: closely packed, keratinized cells
  • Mucous membrane: Mucous traps microbes and foreign substances
  • Nose Hairs: trap and filter
  • Cilia: upper respiratory tract propel trapped particles up and out = beat rhythmically
  • Fluids:
    - Lacrimal apparatus of eye = Washing action of
    tears
    - Lysozymes break down cell walls - present
    in saliva, perspiration, nasal secretion, and tissue fluid
    - Saliva washes mouth
    - Urine cleanses urinary system
    - Vaginal Secretions, defecation, vomiting
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8
Q

What happens in the Physical Defense - Chemicals (nonspecific -1st line)?

A
  • Sebaceous (oil) glands secrete sebum (protective film)
  • Perspiration, gastric juice = very acidic (1.5-2 pH), vaginal secretions - all acidic
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9
Q

What happens in Phagocytes (nonspecific - 2nd line)

A

Phagocytes = Attack and remove dangerous microorganisms

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Microphages
- Neutrophils and Eosinophils
- Leave the bloodstream

Macrophages (monocytes mature to macrophages)
- Engulf pathogen, destroy it with lysosomal enzymes
- Bind to pathogens, other cells can destroy it (flag)
- Destroy pathogens, release toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid

2 types
- Fixed Macrophages = Stay in specific tissues/organs
- Microglia: found in CNS
- Kupffer Cells: found in liver sinusoids
- Free macrophages = Travel throughout body

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10
Q

What happens in Immunological Surveillance (nonspecific - 2nd line) ?

A

Surveillance: Constantly monitors normal tissues
- Carries out by natural killer cells (NK) cells
- Identify and attach to abnormal cells
- Golgi apparatus in NK cells form perform vesicles
-> Vesicles release perforins (exocytosis)
-> Perforins lyse abnormal plasma membrane

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11
Q

What happens in Interferons (nonspecific - 2nd line)

A

Interferons = proteins made and released by lymphocytes

  • proteins = type of cytokine = chemical messenger
  • Cytokine = produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and cells of adaptive immunity
  • > Produced in response to infection with intracellular agents (viruses or intracellular bacteria)
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12
Q

What happens in Complement “C” proteins (nonspecific - 2nd line)

A

C proteins = complement the action of antibodies

  • attacks and lyses, attracts phagocytes, enhance inflammation (attack and destroys pathogens)
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13
Q

What happens in Inflammation (nonspecific - 2nd line)

A

Inflammation = Triggers a complex inflammatory response
- attempts to dispose of micrones, prevent spread and prepare sity for tissue response

3 stages
- Vasodilation & increased blood vessel permeability. Feel pain that area
- Emigration of phagocytes from the blood into the interstitial space and then to site of damage
- Tissue repair

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14
Q

What happens with Fevers (nonspecific - 2nd line)

A

Fever = High body temperature

Pyrogens = fever inducing substances = cause hypothalamus to raise the body temp (to kill pathogen)

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15
Q

what are the 4 properties of immunity (3rd line)?

A
  • Specificity = each T or B cells responds only to specific antigen and ignores other
  • Versatility = body produces many types of lymphocytes = fights different type of antigens
  • Memory = active lymphocytes ( memory cells) stay in circulation. = provide immunity against new exposure
  • Tolerance = Immune system ignores “normal” (self) antigens
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16
Q

T Cells

A

Provide cell-mediated immunity = respond primarily to cells infected with intracellular pathogens = viruses and intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign cells such as those from a transplanted organ

17
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

seek out and destroy abnormal and infected target cells = cells may use perforin = poke holes into cells/pathogens and then destroy them, secrete toxic lymphotoxin or active genes that will tell cell to die

  • Kill like natural killers.
  • T cells have specific receptor for particular microbe
  • NK cells destroy a wide variety of microbe-infected cells.
18
Q

Helper T Cells

A

activate antibody and cell mediated immune responses.
- Have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity
- Cannot kill infected host cells or pathogens
- Essential for the production of antibodies
- Important in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T Cells
- Maximize activity of phagocytes.

19
Q

Suppressor T Cells

A

deactivate T cells and B cells when needed = prevent the immune response from becoming too intense

20
Q

B Cells

A

Provide antibody-mediated immunity = Defend against antigens and pathogens in body fluids.
- Made in Bone Marrows

B-Cell Activation: Need Helper T-Cell

B-Cell Division: Activated B Cell Divides into plasma cells and memory B Cells

Plasma Cells = Synthesize and secrete antibodies into interstitial fluid

Memory B-Cells = remain in reserve to respond to next infection

21
Q

Things to note about Antibodies

A

Antibodies are Y shaped
Antibodies can only “see” extracellular pathogens. 2 types of immunity work together

22
Q

STEP 1: Antigen presentation

A

Cell mediated immunity cannot get started without the aid of the nonspecific phagocytosis

  • The phagocytic cells that initiate the process are called antigen presenting cells. First step is antigen presentation
  • Any cell can present antigens, except RBCs. Due to lysosomes
23
Q

Types of Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

A
  • Free and Fixed macrophages
  • Kupffer cells - Liver
  • Microglia - In the CNS
  • Dendritic cells = present in those tissues that are in contact with the external environment = in lungs
    - Langerhans cells - considered a type of dendritic cell in the skin
24
Q

Step 2: Recognition

A

APC engilts the antigen -> Enzymes inside the APC break down the antigen into smaller particles

The processed antigens are transported to the surface of the APC

The T-cell receptor recognize these and binds to them

25
Q

Step 3: Co-Stimulation

A

Macrophage and the T Cell interact -> release cytokines = chemicals that evoke a localized response
- Increased phagocytic activity = more macrophages and neutrophiles enter the tissues
- T Cell production. Also Helper T Cells
- T Cell differentiation
- And more cytokine secretion = poke holes into invader

26
Q

Step 4: LAST

A

Destruction of infector

27
Q

Autoimmune Disorders

A

Malfunction of system that recognizes and ignores “normal: antigens = make autoantibodies against body cells
- Rheumatoid arthritis = inflammatory diesase, Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

28
Q

Immunodeficiency Disease

A

Failure of immune system
- HIV, developmental problems during fetal stages or childhood, radiation

29
Q

Allergies

A

Inappropriate or excessive immune response to antigens

30
Q

HIV Virus

A

HIV damages mainly Helper T-Cells
- Viruses bud rapidly from infected cell membrane - Cell lysis
- Body attacks the infected cells - Kills cells NOT viruses
- Body’s ability to replace helper T Cells decline

BIOL 342 (8 decks)

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