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BIOL 342 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biggest immune system?

A

The Gut. You are what you eat, needs probiotics and prebiotics

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2
Q

What factors can influence composition and function of human gut microbiota

A
  • Birth mode
  • Breast feeding
  • Geography
  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Disease
  • Ageing
  • Drugs
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3
Q

Anabolism v.s. Catabolism

A

Anabolism = Building = using amino acids to build proteins

Catabolism = breaking down = proteins to amino acids.
Essential nutrients = cant make these, must get food.

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4
Q

Salivary Glands

A

3 pairs = exocrine

Carbohydrate digestion starts in mouth due to amylase

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5
Q

Parotid Salivary Glands

A

Produce serous secretion - Enzyme salivary amylase = breaks down starches into glucose, maltose

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6
Q

Sublingual Salivary Glands

A

Produce mucous secretion - acts as a buffer and lubricant

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7
Q

Submandibular Salivary Glands

A

Secrete buffers, glycoproteins (mucins) and salicary amalyse

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8
Q

Do alligators chew food?

A

NO!

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9
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Store Foods

  • Release gastric acids = HCl = strong acid; kills
    bacteria, breaks down proteins & activates
    pepsinogen
  • Releases pepsinogen = inactive -> pepsin is active
  • Mucous is released = 2 types
  • Release intrinsic factor = important for vitamin B12
    absorption which is needed for RBC production
  • Release gastrin = a hormone that stimulates gastric
    activity
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10
Q

What are the Types of Mucous?

A
  1. Protects stomach
  2. Keeps digesting food slimy
  • Someone w/ gastric reflux can damage esophagus bc. no protection in esophagus
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11
Q

What are parietal, chief, and g-cells

A

Parietal: releases HCl & Intrinsic factor
Chief Cells: Pepsinogen
G-Cells: Gastrin = hormones

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12
Q

What does HCl do?

A
  1. Kills microorganisms
  2. Denatures proteins and inactivates enxymes in food
  3. Helps break down plant cell walls and connective tissue in meat
  4. Activates pepsin = digests proteins

Active process = Use ATP

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13
Q

Explain the process of HCl secretion from parietal cells

A
  • CO2 + H2O -> H+ + HCO3- in presence of carbonic anhydrase
  • H+ is actively pumped out via H+/K+ ATP-ase K+ will leak out
  • HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- = antiporter
  • CL- moves out through cell via channel = facilitated diffusion
  • Alkaline tide = increases in HCO3- after feeding = metabolic alkalosis
    Metabolic Alkalosis = fixed by hypoventilation

pH is very acidic = 1-2

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14
Q

How is acid and enzyme production by gastric mucosa regulated?

A
  1. Controlled by the CNS
  2. Regulated by short reflexes of ENS = Enteric Nervous System = brain of the gut
  3. Regulated by hormones of digestive tract
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15
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric activity

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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16
Q

What role does the small intestine do?

A

Roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients

17
Q

What is the Duodenum?

A
  • the segment of small intestine closest to stomach
  • “mixing bowl” that receives chymes from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
  • modify it HCl & use HCo3 to neutralize acid

Function:
- Receives chyme from stomach
- Neutralize acids before they can damage
absorptive surfaces of the small intestine. Lost of
bicarbonate to neutralize H+ from HCl and lots
enzymes

HCO3- + H+ -> CO2 +H2O

18
Q

What are the components of the Small Intestine?

A

The Jejunum and The Ileum

19
Q

What is the Jejunum?

A
  • Middle segment of small intestine
    • Is the location of most
      a. Chemical digestion = lots of enzymes =
      lipases (Fats) ; amylases (carbs); proteases
      (proteins)
      b. Nutrient absorption
20
Q

What is the Ileum?

A
  • Final segment of small intestine
    - End at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that
    controls flow of material from the ileum in to the
    large intestine.
21
Q

What does Absorption Cells do?

A
  • Absorb nutrients
  • Have microvilli
22
Q

What does Goblet Cells do?

A
  • Release mucous into Small Intestine
23
Q

What does Enteroendocrine cells do?

A
  • Secretes lots of hormones
24
Q

What does Paneth Cells do?

A
  • Release antimicrobial agents into Small Intestine such as lysosomes.
  • Capable of phagocytosis
25
Q

What affects the lining of the Small intestine?

A
  • Parvo affects the small intestine by destroying the microvilli
26
Q

What is Pancreatic Juice? What does it do?

A
  • Contains a variety of enzymes = Pancreatic amylase,
    proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, secreted as
    trypsinogen), chymotrypsin (chymotrypsinogen,
    Pancreatic lipase
  • Is alkaline: high concentration of bicharbonate ions.
    Neutralizes gastric acid
  • Regulated by hormones: secretin and
    cholecystokinin (CCK)
27
Q

How is Pancreatic Juices secreted?

A
  1. Entrance of Chyme into duodenum
  2. Secretion of Bicarbonate: depends on secretin
    secreted by duodenum
  3. Secretion of digestive enzymes: depends of CCK
    secreted by duodenum
28
Q

What composes the Liver

A

Hepatic Blood Supply
- 1/3 of blood supply = arterial blood from hepatic
artery proper
- 2/3 venous blood from hepatic portal vein,
originating from esophagus, stomach, small
intestine and most of the large intestine =
nutrient rich

29
Q

What are the Metabolic Activities of the Liver

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism: stabilizes blood glucose =
    store glycogen
  • Lipid metabolism: regulates circulating lvls of
    triglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol =
    lipoproteins = high density and low density
  • Amino Acid metabolism: removes excess amino
    acids = use these in gluconeogenesis
  • Waste product removal: ammonia to urea, Ammonia
    is lipid soluble = cna get into cells by diffusion.
    Urea
    is part of protein catabolism
  • Vitamin storage: Fat soluble vitamins and vitamin
    B12
  • Mineral storage: converts iron to ferritin from RBC
    recycling
  • Drug inactivation: removes and breaks down drugs
  • Milk thistle help with liver health.
30
Q

What are the Hematological functions

A
  • Phagocytosis and antigen presentation: kupffer cells
    engulf old and damaged RBCs = protect liver
  • Synthesis of plasma proteins: albumins, transport
    proteins, clotting proteins; albumin = helps to
    maintain colloid osmotic pressure
  • Removal of circulating hormones: absorption and
    recycling of EPI, NE, Insulin thyroid hormones
    and steroid hormones.
  • Removal of antibodies: absorbs and breaks down
    antibodies
  • Removal or storage of toxins: lipid soluble toxins are
    absorbed and stored
31
Q

What are the functions of Bile?

A
  • Dietary lipids are not water soluble: lipid droplets
  • Mechanical processing in stomach creates large
    drops containing lipids
  • Pancreatic lipase is not lipid soluble
  • Interacts only at surface of lipids droplet =
    emulsification

Bile salts break down droplets apart = emulsification
- Increases surface area exposed to enzymatic attack
- Creates tiny emulsion droplets coated with bile
salts.

32
Q

What is the function of Gallbladder?

A
  • Stores bile. Liver makes Bile
  • Releases bile into duodenum, but only under
    stimulation of Cholecystokinin (CKK)
  • No CCK = Hepatopancreatic sphincter remains
    closed = bile enters cystic duct and is stored
    gallbladder.
33
Q

What are the functions of the Large Intestine?

A
  1. Churning driving contents of colon into rectum
  2. Bacteria in Large Intestine convert proteins to
    amino acids, break down amino acids and
    product vitamin B and vitamin K
  3. Absorption of some H2O, Ions, and Vitamins
  4. Formation of feces
  5. Defecation (emptying rectum)
34
Q

What are the absorption in the large intestine

A
  • Vitamins = organic molecules
    - Important as cofactors or coenzymes in
    metabolism
    - Normal bacteria in colon make three vitamins
    that supplement diet
    1. Vitamin K (fat soluble): required nu liver for
    synthesizing clotting factors
    2. Biotin (water soluble): important in glucose
    metabolism
    3. B5 (water soluble): required in manufacture
    of steroid hormones

BIOL 342 (8 decks)

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