respiration Flashcards
the full name for ATP is
Adenosine Triphosphate
nucleic acids are built from -____________
nucleotides
all nucleotides contain ___________, ________ and __________
nitrogenous base(adenine for ATP)
Phosphate group and a pentose sugar
____________ is a type of a nucleotide that is made by addition of one or more phosphate groups to a molecule.
Phosphorylated nucleotide
True or False.
ATP is essentially the adenine nucleotide with two extra phosphate groups added to it.
True.
The adenine nucleotide already has one phosphate group so adding two would make it three.
when the bonds that hold the third phosphate group is broken, is energy gained or released from the ATP cell?
Released
where does the energy to make ATP cells come from?
sunlight or food. This is because ATP is made both in photosynthesis and respiration
removing the third phosphate from ATP leaves a phosphorylated nucleotide with two nucleotides called_________
Adenosine di-phosphate
True or False.
All living things respire all the time to produce ATP
True
_________ is the enzyme involved in the formation of ATP.
ATP synthase
List 3 reasons how ATP is adapted to its job
- It releases energy in small amount just enough for the needed amount
2.It releases energy in a single step hydrolysis - It moves around the cell but does not move out of the cell.
List the number of processes that require ATP
Initial stage of respiration
Muscle contraction
Conduction of nerve impulse
synthesis of macromolecules like proteins
Active transport
what are the two pathways by which respiration produce ATP?
The aerobic pathway – this requires the
presence of oxygen
the anaerobic pathway – this can take place in the absence of oxygen
A small amount of ATP is produced in a way that does not involve
the ATP synthase molecule; this method is called ____________
substrate level phosphorylation. It is when another molecule (substrate)
is able to transfer a phosphate
group directly to ADP
true or false. ATP synthase is involved in the substrate level phosphorylation
False, but the process of transferring a phosphate group from molecules like phosphoenol pyruvate to ADP is still catalyzed by an enzyme, just not ATP synthase
_______% of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration is produced by ATP synthase.
90
________ are organic molecules that can be
respired
respiratory substrates
_____ is to decrease the oxidation
state of a substance
reduce
_____ is to increase the oxidation
state of a substance
oxidise
what are the four stages of aerobic respiration?
glycolysis
the link reaction
Krebs cycle
electron transport and chemiosmosis
what are the two molecules involved in the transfer of molecules?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide
true of false
In reduction, a particle gains a hydrogen or electrons.
True. In reduction, a particle loses oxygen, gains hydrogen or gains electrons
the two process of reduction and oxidization always happen together in a reaction called ______.
Redox
The first stage, glycolysis,takes place in the
cytoplasm. Unlike the rest of the process, it does not take place in the mitochondria because the glucose molecule cannot pass through and there is no carrier protein to carry it.
describe the process of glycolysis
It is the splittling of the glucose molecule into a three carbon molecule-pyruvate
what happens to the pyruvate made in the glycolysis once it is in the link reaction?
It is further split into a two carbon molecule
________ is the fluid in the
mitochondrion in which the
reactions of the Krebs cycle
take place
matrix
________ is a series of molecules along which
electrons travel
electron transport chain
__________ is the oxygen-dependent production
of ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
what are the protons used for in the aerobic respiration parthway for making ATP?
they are used for the chemiosmosis synthesis of ATP
what is the only energy releasing process in anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
