Respiration Flashcards
What is the word equation for respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide + energy
How can carbon dioxide levels be detected?
1) Limewater, turns from colourless to milk white in prescience of carbon dioxide
2) hydrogen carbonate indicator (bicarbonate indicator) turns from-
red/orange to yellow in presence of carbon dioxide
red/orange to purple when carbon dioxide is removed
show how the bicarbonate indicators look.
(REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE) purple <— red/orange —> yellow (ADDING CARBON DIOXIDE)
What is respiration?
RESPIRATION IS NOT BREATHING
respiration- chemical reaction. Involves release of energy from food (occurs in all living cells)
where oxygen is taken into body + carbon dioxide is removed, oxygen is absorbed by blood and pumped by heart around body.
respiration involves…
addition of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
what does the digestive system do?
Changes large insoluble food molecules into small soluble molecules that are able to be absorbed into the blood stream.
what does the circulatory system do?
carries the small soluble food molecules and oxygen to every cell in our body and takes away unwanted waste e.g carbon dioxide, via the blood
what does the respiratory system do?
oxygen is taken into our bodies via the lungs and carbon dioxide is removed. The oxygen is then absorbed into the blood, travels to the heart and is then pumped around the rest of the body.
Why do we need energy?
Cells use the energy for all their reactions and processes
What do cells use energy for?
Movement- muscle contraction
Making new chemicals
Growth and repair
Moving substances
Nervous impulses
Temperature regulation
What indicators can we use to detect carbon dioxide?
Limewater - turns colourless to milky white
Hydrogen carbonate indicator (bicarbonate indicator) - turns from red /orange to yellow in prescience. Red to purple in removal of co2.
How can we remember the colour changes in a bicarbonate indicator
MY RED LIP= more yellow, red is normal, less purple
What is ventilation?
Scientific name for breathing. Means to inhale and exhale
Name 3 things that happen when we inhale.
diaphragm contracts and flattens
intercostal muscles contract
Ribs move up and out
Volume in chest cavity increases
Name 3 things that happens when we exhale
Diaphragm relaxes and domes up
Intercostal muscles relax
Rib cage moves down and in
Volume of chest cavity is decreased
What is diffusion?
Gases diffuse between air and blood in the lungs.
What three main factors does diffusion of gases in the alveoli depend on?
Large surface area-larger surface area, the more gas that can be diffused
Short distance- walls of alveoli and blood capillaries are very thin and close together, means diffusion can happen quickly
Diffusion gradient- gases moves faster when bigger difference in concentrations
What is gas exchange?
Diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into blood and diffusion of co2 from blood to alveoli.
Name the important features of the gas exchange surface.
- Large surface area
- Very thin
- Moist lining
- Good blood supply
- Good ventilation
Describe the features of the lungs which make gas exchange efficient
Exchange surface has large surface area, provided by a large number of alveoli, the surface is only one cell thick and it is supplied with blood from a very dense capillary network.
Explain the difference between a small objects surface area to volume ratio compared with a large object.
Small object= large surface area compared to volume ratio
Large object= small surface area compared to volume ratio
What would surface area: volume be if the surface area was 6 and the volume was 1
6:1
What would surface area:volume be if the surface area was 24 and the volume was 8
24:8= 3:1
When does asthma develop?
When bronchial tubes become swollen/inflamed. Muscles around tubes contract to make tubes narrow or tubes are partly blocked by mucus. Narrowing of tubes cause wheezy breathing. Allergies to dust or chemicals can trigger this.
How do inhalers work?
By putting a fine spray of chemical around the air tubes inside the lungs - this makes the muscles relax and therefore breathing is easier.
What is in cigarettes?
Nicotine, Tar, Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia
What is nicotine and what does it do?
Colourless chemical, poisonous, addictive, affects heart, blood vessels and nervous system, increase risk of blood clots
What is tar and what does it do?
Sticky brown substance, causes bronchitis, emphysema and cancer. Stains teeth and fingers yellow, collects in lungs.
What is carbon monoxide and what does it do?
Odourless gas, binds to red blood cells better than oxygen
What is ammonia?
Strobing smelling, usually used as a cleaning fluid.
Name the parts of the lungs
Trachea
Ribs
Bronchus
Intercostal muscle
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Pleural Cavity
Diaphragm
What is the Trachea?
Also called windpipe. Tube that runs from the mouth down the throat towards the lungs. It is lined with rings of cartilage which keep it open at all times.
What are the bronchus?
The trachea splits into a left and right bronchus, each leads to a lung
What are the bronchioles?
Each bronchus splits again and again into thousands of smaller tubes called bronchioles which take the air deeper into the lungs.
What are the alveoli?
At the ends of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli. Here oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out.
What are the intercostal muscles?
Muscles run between the ribs and form the chest wall. They contract and relax with the diaphragm when a person breathes.
What is the diaphragm?
Dome-shaped, flat sheet of muscle under the lungs. It contracts and relaxes with the intercostal muscles during breathing.
What do the ribs do?
Important as a protection for the lungs.
What is the pleural cavity?
Fluid filled space, thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.
The nasal passage is lined with small hairs. Why do you think it is better to breathe through your nose than your mouth?
Hairs catch the dirt in the air and bacteria. Breathing through your nose gives more opportunity to do this.
The trachea and bronchioles consist of tubes containing rings of cartilage. What do you think is the function of these rings of cartilage?
Rings of hard cartilage ensure airways stay open and don’t collapse in (like a straw)
What do the small hairs (cilia) that line the tubes of the bronchioles do?
Catch dirt and bacteria.
Inhalation: the diaphragm ——— and ———-
contracts, flattens
Inhalation: the intercostal muscles ———-, pulling the rib cage ——-
Contract, up-and-out
Inhalation: the volume (space inside) the chest cavity ———
increases
Inhalation: The increasing volume in the chest cavity causes the air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs to ————
Decrease
Inhalation: because of the decreasing air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs, the air pressure in the lungs is now —— than the atmospheric air pressure.
lower
Inhalation: Air is ——— the lungs from higher pressure ——- to lower pressure ———
Drawn into, outside, inside
Exhalation: The diaphragm ———- and ———-
realaxes, domesup
Exhalation: the intercostal muscles ——-, and the rib cage moves ——-.
Relax, down-and-in
Exhalation: the volume (space inside) the chest cavity ——-
Decreases
Exhalation: the volume in the chest cavity decreasing causes the air pressures in the chest cavity and lungs to ———
Increase
Exhalation: because of the increasing air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs the air pressure in the lungs is now ——— than the atmospheric air pressure.
Higher
Exhalation: Air is ——— the lungs from higher pressure ——— to lower pressure ——-
Forced out of, inside, outside
When we inhale the diaphragm moves ———, and the rib cage moves —— and ——-
Down, up, out
When we exhale the diaphragm moves ——, and the rib cage moves ——- and —-
Up, down and in
What are the alveoli?
Small air sacs surrounded by tiny blood vessels. Where gases go in and out of the bloodstream.
How is the bell jar similar to your respiratory system?
Lungs will inflate when diaphragm moves down , so will the the balloons when sheet moves down.
In what way is the bell jar different to your respiratory system?
There are no ribs. The bell jar cannot move up and out but our ribs can.
Why does the bell and need to be airtight?
So that the balloons can move in and out because of the air pressure .
What happens to the volume when rubber sheet is pulled down in the bell jar?
Increases
What happens to the pressure when the rubber sheet is pulled down in the bell jar?
Decreases
Think about the structure of your lungs. How do they increase the surface area without increasing size much?
Lungs divided up into millions of alveoli. Increases surface area : volume ratio and increases rate of gas exchange
What is aerobic respiration?
Occurs in the presence of lots of oxygen eg running a marathon
What is anaerobic respiration?
Occurs without the presence of lots of oxygen eg running a 100m sprint
What are cilia?
Small hairs lining tubes of bronchiole that catch dirt + bacter
What does mucus do?
Catches dirt and microbes
What does stomach acid do?
Kills off bacteria
What do rings of cartilage do?
Ensure airways stay open and don’t collapse in
What is bronchitis?
Restricts air flow, sweeps bronchiole lining due to irritation by bacteria + smoke
What is smokers cough?
Bacteria + dirt build up, cilia is irritated and therefore produces excess mucus. cilia stopped from beating so mucus isn’t moved out of lungs
What is emphysema?
Breaks down walls of alveoli. This reduces SA, (so less oxygen can diffuse into blood). Elastic tissue is destroyed, giving no elastic recoil to force air out.
What is lung cancer?
Cells in alveoli can divide rapidly to form a lump. This is a cancer die to tar in smoke.
What is the difference between a normal alveoli air sac and a damaged one?
The damaged one has a smaller SA, which means diffusion happens at a lesser rate.
What does the narrowing of coronary arteries do?
Causes a build up of plaque which can form blood clots + lead to a heart attack
