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BIO > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Link reaction
3) Krebs cycle
4) Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the 3 steps of glycolysis?

A

1) Phosphorylation of glucose - glucose phosphate using ATP
2) Production of TP
3) Oxidation of TP into pyruvate with gain of ATP + NADH

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4
Q

Describe phosphorylation of glucose

A
  • 2 ATP are hydrolyzed to ADP and each releases a phosphate which attach at each end of the 6C glucose
  • Glucose phosphate produced = very high energy
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5
Q

Describe production of TP

A
  • Since glucose phosphate is very high energy and highly reactive it will split into 2 3C TP
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6
Q

Describe production of pyruvate

A
  • Both TP will be oxidized
  • The coenzyme NAD picks up a H from the TP = NAD is now reduced to NADH = TP oxidized
  • This forms 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP produced per pyruvate
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7
Q

Why is there a net gain of only 2 ATP when 4 are produced?

A
  • Since we use 2 ATP at the start of glycolysis
  • 4 are produced but overall the net gain will be 2 excluding the 2 ATP used
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8
Q

What are the products of glycolysis and what happens to them?

A
  • 2 Pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 net gain ATP
    The pyruvate and NADH are actively transported to the mitochondrial matrix
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9
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

Describe the link reaction

A
  • Pyruvate is oxidized into a 2C acetate
  • The H that is released during oxidation is picked up by coenzyme NAD - NADH
  • 1C is released as CO2
  • Acetate is then converted into 2C acetylcoenzyme A
  • Acetate + Coenzyme A = Acetylcoenzyme A
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11
Q

What are the products of the link reaction for a glucose molecule?

A
  • 2 Acetyl CoA
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 CO2
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12
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

Describe the krebs cycle

A
  • Acetyl CoA reacts with a 4C releasing CoA back to be recycled = 6C which enters cycle
  • Decarboxylation to remove 2C as CO2
  • Substrate level phosphorylation will form ATP from ADP + Pi
  • A series of redox reactions that reduce 3 NAD and 1 FAD -> NADH + FADH
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14
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle per cycle?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH
  • 1 ATP
  • 2 CO2
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15
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

In the mitochondrial cristae

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16
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • NADH + FADH carry the H to the cristae
  • The H will split into H+ and e-
  • e- move down the ETC through the embedded proteins in the cristae
  • As it moves from protein-protein it releases energy
  • The H+ is pumped across from matrix to intermembrane space using the energy
  • Results in an electrochemical gradient in the IMS
  • Go down the concentration gradient via ATP synthase via facilitated diffusion
  • Diffusion causes the catalysis and phosphorylation of ADP + Pi = ATP
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain
  • The O2 in the matrix will pick up e- from the of ETC + H+ that have come back via ATP synthase = H2O
  • 1/2(O2) + (2H+)+ 2e- → H2O
17
Q

Why is aerobic respiration only 32% efficient?

A
  • Proton leaks across mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation
  • ATP used to transport pyruvate and NADH to matrix
  • Energy lost as heat
18
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

-Respiration in the absence of oxygen
- Takes place only in the cytoplasm

19
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration for animals

A
  • Incomplete breakdown of glucose
  • Pyruvate is produced at the end of glycolysis and a net gain of 2 ATP
  • Pyruvate is reduced by gaining a H+ from NADH which is oxidized to NAD
  • Lactate is produced + H2O = Lactic acid which will denature enzymes = muscle fatigue = therefore anaerobic short term
  • NAD can be reused in glycolysis and it can keep happening in absence of O2
20
Q

What happens to the lactate produced in anaerobic respiration

A
  • Transported to liver via bloodstream
  • Converted into pyruvate
  • Can enter the link reaction in liver cells
21
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration for plants and microorganisms

A
  • Incomplete breakdown of glucose
  • Pyruvate is produced at the end of glycolysis and a net gain of 2 ATP
  • Pyruvate is reduced by gaining a H+ from NADH which is oxidized to NAD
  • Ethanol and CO2 is produced
  • Ethanol = toxic = denature enzymes = only short term
  • NAD can be reused in glycolysis and it can keep happening in absence of O2
22
Q

Compare the efficiency between both respirations

A

AEROBIC:
- Total yield from 1 glucose molecule is 38 ATP
- More efficient
ANAEROBIC:
- Total yield from 1 glucose molecule is 2 ATP
- Less efficient

23
Q

How do you investigate a variables effect on rate of respiration?

A
  • Use a respirometer
  • As the pressure changes in test tube as oxygen is taken in and CO2 is absorbed by NaOH
  • Set a timer and see how far the colored liquid moves in a set period of time
  • The volume decreases = pressure decreases
  • Pressure is higher in the control tube = liquid moves towards experimental tube
24
Q

How do you calculate rate of respiration?

A

Volume of O2 consumed or CO2 produced/ time * mass of sample
- Volume = π r2 * distance moved by colored liquid

25
Q

Explain the benefit of the respirometer set up

A

AIR TIGHT:
- To prevent air entering and exiting which would change the volume/pressure effecting the movement of colored liquid
USE OF NaOH:
- Absorbs the CO2 so there is a net decrease in pressure as O2 is consumed and so we can measure the O2 consumed

26
Q

What is the unit for respiration?

A

Unit volume per time per mass

27
Q

What are some alternative respiratory substrates?

A
  • Proteins: Amino acids
  • Lipids: Fatty acid + glycerol
28
Q

How can lipids be used as an alternative?

A

1) Phosphorylation of glycerol = TP for glycolysis
2) Fatty acid = acetate for link reaction
3) H atoms produced for oxidative phosphorylation

29
Q

How can proteins be used as an alternative?

A

De-amination produces:
1) 3C compounds = pyruvate for link reaction
2) 4/5C compounds = used in Krebs cycle

BIO (20 decks)

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