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BIO > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe closed double circulatory system

A
  • Closed: All blood remains within blood vessels
  • Double circulation: Blood flows through heart twice in each circuit. 1st blood-lungs 2nd blood-body
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2
Q

Why is double circulatory system required?

A

To manage pressure of blood flow as different parts of the body require blood at different pressures

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3
Q

Why do lungs need low-pressure blood?

A
  • Reduces damage to capillaries around alveoli
  • Reduces speed = more time for gas exchange
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4
Q

Why does the body need high-pressure blood?

A

Make sure blood reaches every cell = all respiring cells receive O2

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5
Q

Main blood vessels

A
  • Coronary artery: Supply blood to heart muscles
  • Vena cava: Body-heart
  • Aorta: Heart-body
  • Pulmonary artery: Heart-lungs
  • Pulmonary vein: Lungs-heart
  • Renal artery: Oxygenated blood in
  • Renal vein: Deoxygenated blood out
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6
Q

Adaptation of cardiac muscle

A
  • Walls of the heart are thick muscle
  • Myogenic: Can contract/relax without nervous/hormonal stimulation as long as there is O2/glucose supply
  • Never fatigues as long as 02/glucose supply
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7
Q

Function of coronary artery

A
  • Supply cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood
  • Brach of aorta
  • If become blocked = cardiac muscle doesn’t receive O2 = no respiration = cells die = myocardial infraction = heart attack
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8
Q

4 chamber of the heart

A

Right atrium - Left atrium
Right ventricle - Left ventricle

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9
Q

Features of atria

A
  • Thinner walls as only need to contract to pump to ventricles
  • Elastic walls as they stretch as blood enters
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10
Q

Features of ventricles

A
  • Thicker walls to enable more contractions as need to pump blood further distances of lungs and heart
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11
Q

Features of right ventricle

A
  • Thinner muscle compared to left ventricle
  • Pumps blood to lungs = need lower pressure contractions = prevent damage to capillaries + slow flow for more time for gas exchange
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12
Q

Features of left ventricle

A
  • Thicker muscle compared to right ventricle = larger contractions
  • Pumps blood to body = higher pressure = ensure blood reaches all respiring cells
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13
Q

Describe the 2 heart veins

A

VENA CAVA:
- Deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium
PULMONARY VEIN:
- Oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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14
Q

Describe the 2 heart arteries

A

PULMONARY ARTERY:
- Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
AORTA:
- Oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body

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15
Q

3 valves in the heart

A
  • Semi-lunar: Aorta + pulmonary artery
  • Bicuspid: Left atria + ventricle
  • Tricuspid: Right atria + ventricle
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16
Q

Adaptations of valves

A
  • Open when there is higher pressure behind valve
  • Close when there is higher pressure in front of valve = prevent backflow
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17
Q

Adaptations of septum

A
  • Separates oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
  • Maintains high concentration of oxygen by not diluting with deoxygenated in oxygenated blood= maintained concentration gradient to diffuse at respiring cells
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18
Q

4 blood vessels involved in exchange

A
  • Vein
  • Artery
  • Arteriole
  • Capillary
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19
Q

Describe structure of artery

A
  • Muscle layer: Thicker than vein= constrict/dilate to control blood volume
  • Elastic layer: Thicker than vein= maintain blood pressure + stretch in response to heartbeat
  • Wall thickness: Thicker than vein= prevent bursting under high pressure
  • No valves
20
Q

Describe structure of arteriole

A
  • Muscle layer: Thicker than artery to help restrict blood flow into capillaries
  • Elastic layer: Thinner than artery as pressure is lower
  • Wall thickness: Thinner than artery as pressure is lower
  • No valves
21
Q

Describe the structure of vein

A
  • Muscle layer: Thin= doesn’t control flow
  • Elastic layer: Thin= pressure is lower
  • Wall thickness: Thin= pressure is lower + low risk of bursting + flattened vessels help flow of blood to heart
  • Valves to prevent backflow
22
Q

Describe structure of capillary

A
  • No muscle layer
  • No elastic layer
  • Wall thickness: 1cell thick= short diffusion
  • No valves
23
Q

3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

1) Arterial/ventricular diastole
2) Arterial systole
3) Ventricular systole

24
Q

Explain arterial/ventricular diastole

A
  • Atrial + ventricular muscles relax = volume increase
  • Blood enters atrium via vena cava/pulmonary vein = increase pressure in atrium
25
Q

Explain atrial systole

A
  • Walls of atrium contract = increase pressure = atrioventricular valves open + blood flows into ventricles
  • Ventricles still in diastole
26
Q

Explain ventricular systole

A
  • Blood from atrium emptied into ventricle
  • Wall of ventricle contracts = increases pressure = atrioventricular valves close + semi-lunar valves open
  • Blood is pushed out of ventricles into aorta/pulmonary artery
27
Q

Describe a blood pressure change graph

A

ATRIUM LINE:
- Atrial systole: Pressure slightly increases but then decreases as blood flows into ventricle
- AV valve closes: Ventricular pressure is slightly more than atrial
- AV valve opens: Atrial pressure is slightly more than ventricular
VENTRICLE LINE:
- Ventricular systole: Pressure increases greatly as thick walls contract but then slight decrease when blood flows off to body
- Ventricular diastole: Ventricle relaxes = volume increases = pressure decreases so it drops greatly
AORTIC LINE:
- SL valve open: Ventricular pressure is slightly more than aortic
- SL valve closes: Aortic pressure is slightly more than ventricular

28
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin

A
  • Globular
  • Quaternary structure protein
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • Each chain has a haem group with Fe2+ which the O2 binds to
29
Q

Function of haemoglobin

A

It is inside red blood cells and O2 binds to haem groups and carried to respiring tissue

30
Q

Factors that affect oxygen-haemoglobin binding

A

1) PP of O2
2) PP of CO2
3) Saturation of haemoglobin with O2

31
Q

How does PP of O2 affect binding?

A
  • PP increases = haemoglobin affinity for O2 increases = more binding
  • PP low = O2 unloaded
32
Q

How does PP of CO2 affect binding?

A

BOHR EFFECT
- PP increases = conditions become acidic = haemoglobin shape changes = haemoglobin affinity reduced = O2 unloaded

33
Q

How does saturation of haemoglobin with O2 affect binding?

A

COOPERATIVE BINDING
- It is hard for the first oxygen molecule to bind
- Binding = changes the tertiary structure to make it easier for the second and third molecules to bind as it creates a binding site
- It is then slightly harder for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind because there is a low chance of finding a binding site.

34
Q

Why does O2 bind in the lungs?

A
  • PP of O2 high + PP of CO2 low = high affinity
  • Cooperative binding = binding subsequent molecules is easier
35
Q

Why does CO2 unload in respiring cells?

A
  • PP of O2 low + PP of CO2 high = low affinity
36
Q

Describe oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • Saturation against PP of O2
  • Curve to the left = higher affinity
  • Curve to the right = lower affinity
37
Q

Describe oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve for fetus

A
  • Curve to the left = higher affinity
  • At same PP it has higher saturation
  • Advantageous: Cannot ventilate so O2 intake is through mother’s blood via placenta so must have a higher affinity to grab the O2 from mother’s haemoglobin
38
Q

Describe oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve for llama

A
  • Llamas live at high altitudes = lower PP of O2
  • Curve to the left = higher affinity = at same PP it has higher saturation
  • Advantageous: In a low PP O2 environment it can load O2
39
Q

Describe oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve for bird

A
  • Curve to the right = lower affinity
  • Advantageous: Have faster metabolism as they are flying = muscle contractions = need higher supply of O2 for aerobic respiration so lower affinity = readily unload O2
40
Q

Describe oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve for worm

A
  • Live underground = lower PP of O2
  • Curve to left = higher affinity
  • Advantageous: Can load O2 in low PP environment
41
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A
  • Liquid that surrounds the cells
  • Consists of water, glucose, ions, O2
42
Q

Describe how tissue fluid is formed

A
  • Blood flows from the arterioles to the capillaries = smaller diameter = high hydrostatic pressure
  • Water forced out from high hydrostatic pressure - low hydrostatic pressure
43
Q

Describe how tissue fluid is reabsorbed

A
  • Larger molecules remain in capillary = low WP at venule end
  • Hydrostatic pressure decreases at venule end
  • Water re-enters via osmosis from high WP outside to lower WP inside
44
Q

What happens to tissue fluid that is not reabsorbed?

A
  • Equilibrium reached = no more osmosis
  • Rest of tissue fluid absorbed by lymphatic system
45
Q

Role of the heart in formation of tissue fluid

A
  • Contraction of ventricles = high blood/hydrostatic pressure
  • Forces blood out of capillaries

BIO (20 decks)

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