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BIO > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

Number of different alleles of a gene in a population

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2
Q

Define natural selection

A
  • Process that leads to evolution in populations
  • Results in species becoming better adapted to their environment
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3
Q

Define evolution

A

The change in allele frequency over many generations in a population

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4
Q

Explain the process of natural selection

A

1) New alleles for a gene are created by random mutations
2) If new allele = increased chances of survival in that environment = likely to survive + reproduce
3) Survivors pass on advantageous allele to next generation via reproduction
4) Over many generations = new allele increases in frequency in population

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5
Q

Types of selection

A

1) Directional
2) Stabilizing

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6
Q

Describe directional selection

A
  • Genetic diversity in a population but 1 extreme = selective advantage
  • Change in the environment = organisms with selective advantage survive + reproduce
  • Modal trait changes towards an extreme
  • e.g. antibiotic bacteria
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7
Q

Describe stabilizing selection

A
  • The modal trait = selective advantage
  • No change to environment = organisms with modal trait survive + reproduce
  • Extremes are lost = decreased SD + decreased range
  • Modal trait remains same
  • e.g. human birth weights
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8
Q

Define a courtship ritual

A

A sequence of actions that are unique to the species used to identify own species to mate with

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9
Q

Describe how the courtship ritual is preformed

A
  • Performed by males
  • Sequence of dance/sounds/release of pheromones/display color/fighting
  • Females observe to identify + decide male to mate with as limited eggs/mating season
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10
Q

Importance of courtship

A

TO ENSURE SUCCESSFUL REPRODUCTION:
- Recognize own species + opposite sex
- Synchronize mating behaviour by displaying sexually mature + in season
TO ENSURE SURVIVAL:
- Form pair bond so there are 2 parents present to take care of offspring
- Choose strong/healthy mate = pass on advantageous alleles to offspring

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11
Q

What can studying courtship rituals tell us?

A
  • Courtship rituals are genetically determined = more similar sequence = more similar DNA base sequence
  • More similar the courtship sequence in between different species = more closely related
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12
Q

Define the binomial system

A
  • Universal method
  • 1st part = genus/ 2nd part = species
  • Written in italics with genus in capital
  • Tells us how closely related organisms are depending on the genus
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13
Q

Why do different species look similar?

A

1) Live in similar environments
2) Similar selection pressures
3) Similar alleles with selective advantage
4) Produce similar proteins = similar characteristics

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14
Q

Define hierarchy

A
  • Smaller groups arranged within larger groups
  • No overlap between groups
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15
Q

What are the taxas of the classification system?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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16
Q

Why do we need a classification system?

A
  • To understand the relationships between organisms
  • Keep track of change e.g. evolution + impact of climate/humans
  • Universal system
17
Q

Methods to classify organisms originally + disadvantage

A
  • Based on visible similarities e.g. appearance, behaviour, fossils
    DISADVANTAGE:
  • Members of same species look completely different
  • Different species look similar so can be mistaken for each other
18
Q

Modern methods of classification

A
  • DNA sequencing
  • mRNA sequencing
  • Amino acid sequencing
  • Immunological comparison of self-antibody shapes
19
Q

Define phylogenetic classification

A

Arranges species into groups according to their evolutionary origins + relationships

20
Q

What is shown by a phylogenetic tree

A
  • All organisms share a common ancestor
  • Tells us which organisms are related and how closely related they are
21
Q

Describe decrease of diversity caused by farming

A

1) Destruction of hedgerows: Provide habitat for insects/birds but in the way of farming machinery = replaced by fences
2) Selective breeding: Plants/animals with desirable characteristics bred to pass onto future generations = narrowing gene pool
3) Monoculture: Only growing 1 plant species in whole field = low diversity with 1 type + attracts same type of consumer
4) Over-grazing: Reduce plants effect rest of food chain
5) Filling in ponds/draining wetland: To make space for crops

22
Q

Compromises between conservation + farming

A
  • Remove a small number of hedgerows not all
  • Selective breeding only allowed for certain species
  • Crop rotation yearly with mono-cultures
23
Q

Define index of diversity

A

Calculation to measure the relationship between the number of species in the community + number of individuals in each species

24
Q

The Simpson’s diversity index

A

D= N(N-1)/Σn(n-1)

N= Total number of organisms of all species
n= Total number of organisms of a particular species
D= SDI

BIO (20 decks)

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