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BIO > Genetic diversity > Flashcards

Genetic diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Number of different alleles of a gene in a population

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2
Q

What is evolution?

A
  • Natural selection leads to evolution
  • Change in allele frequency in a population over many generations
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3
Q

What is natural selection?

A
  • Results in species becoming better adapted to their environments
  • Adaptations can be anatomical, physiological, behavioural
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4
Q

Explain the process of natural selection

A

1) Random mutation = new alleles
2) If new alleles = increased chance of survival in that environment = individual likely to survive + reproduce
3) Reproduction = passing of advantageous alleles to next generation
4) Over many generations new allele increases in frequency

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5
Q

2 Types of selection

A

1) Directional
2) Stabilizing

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6
Q

Describe directional selection

A
  • Occurs when there is change in the environment
  • Adapted individuals will survive and pass on gene
  • Over time mean of the population will shift to these characteristics
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7
Q

Example of directional selection

A

-Antibiotic resistance
- Bacteria with a mutation allowing them to survive in the presence of antibiotics will reproduce
- Therefore frequency of this allele will increase and the population will shift to have greater antibiotic resistance

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8
Q

Describe stabilizing selection

A
  • Occurs when environmental conditions stay the same
  • Individuals closest to the mean are favoured = selected against new characteristics
  • Low diversity
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9
Q

Example of stabilizing selection

A
  • Birth weight
  • Babies that weigh around 3kg are more likely to survive than those at lower or higher weights
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10
Q

What is a species?

A

Group of organisms that can interbred = fertile offspring

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11
Q

Describe binomial system

A
  • 1st name genus = capital
  • 2nd name species = small case
  • In italics
  • The same genus = close relationship but cannot produce fertile offspring
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12
Q

What causes different species to look similar?

A
  • Live in similar environments = similar selection pressures
  • Similar alleles will be advantageous = produce similar proteins = similar characteristics
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13
Q

What is classification?

A

Process of arranging organisms into groups

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14
Q

What is a hierarchy?

A
  • Smaller groups arranged within larger groups
  • No overlap between groups
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15
Q

8 taxas of a hierarchy

A

1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species

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16
Q

Why do we need a classification system?

A
  • Understand relationships between organisms and keep track of the change
  • Universal
17
Q

Disadvantage of old classification techniques

A
  • Originally based on physical differences in appearance, fossils, behaviour
  • Disadvantage as sometimes same species look completely different/ different species look very similar
18
Q

Modern classification methods

A
  • DNA base sequence
  • mRNA base sequence
  • Amino acid base sequence
  • Immunological comparison of self antibodies
19
Q

Describe phylogenetic classification

A

Process of arranging organisms into groups according to evolutionary origins + relationships

20
Q

Describe courtship ritual

A
  • Sequence of actions that is unique to a species
  • How animals identify members of their own species to mate with
  • Attract a mate
  • Mostly preformed by male
21
Q

Examples of courtship rituals

A
  • Dances
  • Sound
  • Release of pheromones
  • Colorful feather/fur
  • Fight with competitors
22
Q

Importance of courtship

A

ENSURE SUCCESSFUL REPRODUCTION:
- Recognize own species/ opposite sex
- Synchronize mating behaviour displays sexually mature + in season
SURVIVAL OF OFFSPRING
- Form pair bond
- Choose strong + healthy mate

23
Q

What does studying courtship rituals show us?

A
  • How closely related species are
  • More similar the courtship sequence = more closely related
24
Q

What is biodiversity?

A
  • Variety in living organisms measured in terms of:
  • Species diversity: Number of species in a community
  • Ecosystem diversity: Range of different habitats
  • Genetic diversity: Variety of genes amongst the population of a species
25
Q

What is species richness?

A

Number of different species in a particular area in a particular time

26
Q

How does farming reduce biodiversity?

A
  • Destruction of hedgerows
  • Selective breeding
  • Monocultures
  • Over-grazing
  • Filling in ponds + draining wetland
27
Q

Compromise between conservation and farming

A
  • Use hedgerows instead of fencing/ only remove a certain amount
  • Crop rotation/ rows of different species
28
Q

What is index of diversity?

A

Calculation to measure the relationship between the number of species in the community and the number of individuals in each species

29
Q

How to calculate index of diversity?

A
  • n = total no. of organisms for a single species in the community
  • N = total no. of organisms in the community
  • Σ = sum of

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