Respiration

Question 1

Breathing Apparatus

Answer 1

Lungs and abdominal region.

Question 2

Pulmonary apparatus

Answer 2

Respiratory system. Actual system where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged.

Question 3

Upper Respiratory System

Answer 3

Components of pulmonary system above trachea. Larynx and superior.
Major structures: Nose, mouth, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box).

Question 4

Lower Respiratory System

Answer 4

All structure respiratory system of trachea and inferior.
Contains: Pulmonary airways.

Question 5

Pulmonary Airways

Answer 5

Flexible tubes to which air is moved to and from the lungs.

Question 6

Trachea

Answer 6

Wind pipe.
Muscular breathing tube.
11cm long.
16-20 hyaline cartilage horseshoe-shaped rings. (Posteriorly filled with esophagus).

Question 7

What are the hyaline rings lined with? Why?
What is the relationship of the esophagus to the trachea.

Answer 7

Lined with ciliated mucous membrane in order to filter, lubricate and cleanse.
The trachea is posteriorly filed with esophagus. Esophagus is a flattened tube.

Question 8

Trachealis Muscle

Answer 8

Smooth muscle (involuntary).
At rest catatonic state of contraction. - Contracted.
Relax to increase diameter of trachea to allow more air in system.

Question 9

Bronchial Tree

Answer 9

Tubes/passageways that become smaller until become lung tissue.

Question 10

Main Bronchi

Answer 10

Splits into 2. Dorm right and left primary bronchi.
Food more likely to go into right.
Left: 45°-55°.
Right: 20°-30°. (Larger and shorter in length).

Question 11

What is the clinical significance of the angle of the bronchi.

Answer 11

Food/other things goes to right lung and can lead to pneumonia.
Structurally right side is straighter. Shorter tube and wider.

Question 12

Secondary (lobular bronchi)

Answer 12

Right Bronchus: Divide into 3 secondary bronchi. 1 for each lobe of lung.
Left Bronchus: Divides into 2 secondary bronchi for each lobe of the lung. (Less in order to have room for the heart).

Question 13

Tertiary (segmental bronchi)

Answer 13

Right subdivides into 10 tertiary bronchi.
Left subdivides into 8 tertiary bronchi.

Question 14

What are the next 4 smaller units after tertiary bronchi?

Answer 14

Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, which communicates with the alveolar duct, alveoli.

Question 15

How many alveoli.

Answer 15

400-700 million.

Question 16

Alveoli

Answer 16

Where exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen. Must have capillary associated associated with it.

Question 17

Type I Pneumocytes (epithelial cells)

Answer 17

Flat cells that allow for movement of molecules of carbon dioxide and oxygen to and from capillaries.

Question 18

Type II Epithelial Cells

Answer 18

Secrete surfactant. Purpose is to reduce surface tension.
Lines the alveolus.

Question 19

Alveolar Macrophages (single cell phagocytes)

Answer 19

“Vacuum cleaners”.
Ingest small inhaled particles.

Question 20

Atelectasis

Answer 20

Portions of the alveoli collapse.

Question 21

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Answer 21

Not enough surfactant secreted (premature babies).

Question 22

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Answer 22

Rupturing/over inflation of alveoli. (Only in premies with ventilators).

Question 23

Diaphragm

Answer 23

Chest wall divided by it. Major muscle that separates pulmonary apparatus from abdominal cavity.

Question 24

Thoracic Cavity

Answer 24

Pulmonary apparatus contained within. Ribs are the boundaries.

Question 25

Abdominal Cavity

Answer 25

Pelvis to the diaphragm.
Contains: Intestines and other major organs. Muscle attachments.

Question 26

Parietal Pleura

Answer 26

The linking of inner portion of thoracic cavity. (Inside part of ribs).

Question 27

Visceral Pleura

Answer 27

Coating around the lungs.

Question 28

When is pleura healthy?

Answer 28

Pleura stuck together with tiny amount of fluid.

Question 29

Pleura Space

Answer 29

A potential space that should not exist.

Question 30

Pleural Linkage

Answer 30

Pleura stick together with tiny amount of fluid between.