Respiration Flashcards
Breathing Apparatus
Lungs and abdominal region.
Pulmonary apparatus
Respiratory system. Actual system where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged.
Upper Respiratory System
Components of pulmonary system above trachea. Larynx and superior.
Major structures: Nose, mouth, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box).
Lower Respiratory System
All structure respiratory system of trachea and inferior.
Contains: Pulmonary airways.
Pulmonary Airways
Flexible tubes to which air is moved to and from the lungs.
Trachea
Wind pipe.
Muscular breathing tube.
11cm long.
16-20 hyaline cartilage horseshoe-shaped rings. (Posteriorly filled with esophagus).
What are the hyaline rings lined with? Why?
What is the relationship of the esophagus to the trachea.
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane in order to filter, lubricate and cleanse.
The trachea is posteriorly filed with esophagus. Esophagus is a flattened tube.
Trachealis Muscle
Smooth muscle (involuntary).
At rest catatonic state of contraction. - Contracted.
Relax to increase diameter of trachea to allow more air in system.
Bronchial Tree
Tubes/passageways that become smaller until become lung tissue.
Main Bronchi
Splits into 2. Dorm right and left primary bronchi.
Food more likely to go into right.
Left: 45°-55°.
Right: 20°-30°. (Larger and shorter in length).
What is the clinical significance of the angle of the bronchi.
Food/other things goes to right lung and can lead to pneumonia.
Structurally right side is straighter. Shorter tube and wider.
Secondary (lobular bronchi)
Right Bronchus: Divide into 3 secondary bronchi. 1 for each lobe of lung.
Left Bronchus: Divides into 2 secondary bronchi for each lobe of the lung. (Less in order to have room for the heart).
Tertiary (segmental bronchi)
Right subdivides into 10 tertiary bronchi.
Left subdivides into 8 tertiary bronchi.
What are the next 4 smaller units after tertiary bronchi?
Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, which communicates with the alveolar duct, alveoli.
How many alveoli.
400-700 million.
Alveoli
Where exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen. Must have capillary associated associated with it.
Type I Pneumocytes (epithelial cells)
Flat cells that allow for movement of molecules of carbon dioxide and oxygen to and from capillaries.
Type II Epithelial Cells
Secrete surfactant. Purpose is to reduce surface tension.
Lines the alveolus.
Alveolar Macrophages (single cell phagocytes)
“Vacuum cleaners”.
Ingest small inhaled particles.
Atelectasis
Portions of the alveoli collapse.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Not enough surfactant secreted (premature babies).
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Rupturing/over inflation of alveoli. (Only in premies with ventilators).
Diaphragm
Chest wall divided by it. Major muscle that separates pulmonary apparatus from abdominal cavity.
Thoracic Cavity
Pulmonary apparatus contained within. Ribs are the boundaries.
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvis to the diaphragm.
Contains: Intestines and other major organs. Muscle attachments.
Parietal Pleura
The linking of inner portion of thoracic cavity. (Inside part of ribs).
Visceral Pleura
Coating around the lungs.
When is pleura healthy?
Pleura stuck together with tiny amount of fluid.
Pleura Space
A potential space that should not exist.
Pleural Linkage
Pleura stick together with tiny amount of fluid between.
