Contractions, Strength, Joints, Membranes and Tissues

Question 1

What is the difference between muscle tension and load

Answer 1

The muscle tension must be greater than the opposing load.

Question 2

Isometric

Answer 2

The muscle develops tension but doesn’t shorten or lengthen. Constant length.
Ex: Yoga or planking. Holding lifesaver to roof of mouth.

Question 3

Isotonic

Answer 3

Muscle shortens and load on muscle remains constant.
Ex: Push-up and swallowing.

Question 4

Strength

Answer 4

The strength of a contraction of a muscle is approximately 3.5 kg (2.2lbs/kg) per square centimeter of a muscle belly area. Therefore, “bigger” means stronger.

Question 5

Muscle Tone

Answer 5

At rest tone of muscle has certain contractile tension.

Question 6

Hypertonia

Answer 6

Too much muscle tone.
Ex: Cerebral Palsy.

Question 7

Hypotonia

Answer 7

Not enough muscle tone. (Typically genetic issue).
Ex: Opioid addiction and Down Syndrome.

Question 8

Agonist

Answer 8

Primary movers of muscles. Initiates and maintains particular action.

Question 9

Antagonist

Answer 9

Oppose primary mover. (Counter balance to not overshoot).

Question 10

Synergist

Answer 10

Stabilizer. Prevent unwanted movement unrelated to actually primary movement.

Question 11

Joints

Answer 11

Where 2 or more joints come together to allow for movement. Classified by mobility

Question 12

Fibrous Joints

Answer 12

No mobility. Come together like puzzle pieces.

Question 13

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 13

Limited mobility. 2 Types. (Synchondrosis and Symphysis).

Question 14

Synchondrosis

Answer 14

Cartilage that ossify over age.
Ex: CPR and ribs.

Question 15

Symphysis

Answer 15

Little flexibility. Sternum on bone moving with breathing.

Question 16

Synovial Joint

Answer 16

Highly mobile.

Question 17

Synovial Fluid

Answer 17

Thick and stringy found in synovial joints. Reduces friction and provides cushion within joint itself.

Question 18

Gliding Joints

Answer 18

2 articulating surfaces (flat or slightly concave).
Ex: Between vertebrae and discs of back.

Question 19

Hinge Joints

Answer 19

Flexion and extension.
Ex: Fingers

Question 20

Pivot Joints

Answer 20

Permits movement like a pulley or pivot. Side to side.
Ex: First 2 vertebrae.

Question 21

Condyloid Joints

Answer 21

Imperfect hinge.
Ex: Wrist and ankle.

Question 22

Saddle Joints

Answer 22

Allows flexion or extension and abduction or adduction.
Ex: Between malleus and incus (double saddle) and thumb.

Question 23

Ball and Socket

Answer 23

All axises.
Ex: Hip and shoulder.

Question 24

Membranes

Answer 24

Any thin layer of connective tissue that coats cells or organs or lines joints, ducts, tracts and cavities.

Question 25

Simple Squamous

Answer 25

Single layer of flattened cells.
Found in blood vessels and airs sacs of lungs.

Question 26

Diffusion

Answer 26

Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration.

Question 27

Simple Cuboidal

Answer 27

Single layer of cube like cells.
Cilia on the free surface of these cells. Super thin edge and move substances.
Found in gut and respiratory system.
Function: Secretes and absorbs substances.

Question 28

Simple Columnar

Answer 28

Cilia on the free surface of these cells which move debris out.
Sensory cells found in the inner ear, gut and respiratory tract.
Function: Secrete and absorb.

Question 29

Goblet Cells

Answer 29

Found in gut and respiratory tract.
Function: Single cell mucous glands that secrete mucin.

Question 30

Tissue

Answer 30

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function.

Question 31

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 31

Skin. Lines most body surfaces and protects from damage and dehydration.

Question 32

Epidermis

Answer 32

Outer most layer of skin.

Question 33

Keratin

Answer 33

Protein that makes skin somewhat tough and water proof.

Question 34

Melanin

Answer 34

Gives our skin its distinctive color/pigment.

Question 35

Dermis

Answer 35

Just beneath epidermis. Contains nerve cells, blood vessels, and hair follicles.

Question 36

Hypodermis

Answer 36

Just beneath the dermis. The primary content is Adipose tissue (fat).