Respiration Flashcards
Define Respiration
The controlled release of energy from food
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic: Oxygen is essential
Anaerobic: Oxygen isn’t needed
Draw a diagram of a mitochondrion
What is an NAD
They transport protons and electrons
Define metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
What is stage 1 of respiration of a 6 carbon sugar
Glycolysis
What molecule is released in stage 1 of respiration of a 6 carbon sugar
ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate
Write a balanced chemical formula for Aerobic Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Explain how ATP is formed
ADP+P or Adenosine diphosphate + phosphate
Name the 3 carbon molecule formed in stage 1 of aerobic respiration
Pyruvic Acid
Explain how NADH is formed
NAD+ picks up a proton and 2 electrons
Name the 2 carbon molecule formed after pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion
Acetyl
What’s the product of respiration in human muscles
Lactic Acid
Name the advantages of a cell using ATP as an energy source
Energy is available for immediate use
Energy is easily recycled
Name the nitrogenous base in ATP
Adenine
Name the sugar found in ATP
Ribose
Name a human storage polysaccharide
Glycogen
Define Aerobic Respiration
The release of energy from food with the presence of O2
Define Anaerobic Respiration
The release of energy from food without requiring the presence of oxygen
Define Fermentation
Another name for anaerobic respiration
Define Glycolysis
The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Define Biotechnology
The use of living things to manufacture useful products or carry out useful reactions
Name the 2 stages of Aerobic respiration
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Stage 2: Krebs cycle and elecctron transport chain
Outline the process of Glycolysis (stage 1 of aerobic respiration)
Takes place in the cytosol
Doesn’t require oxygen (anaerobic)
Forms 2 ATP molecules
Forms pyruvic acid as an end product
Small amount of energy is released
Outline stage 2 of aerobic respiration
This stage requires oxygen
Pyruvic Acid enters a mitochondrion and loses a carbon dioxide molecule
A two-carbon (C2) molecule is formed called Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)
Pyruvic Acid also loses two high energy electrons and a proton which combine with NAD+
NAD+ + 2e- + H+ ——> NADH
Outline the Krebs Cycle
Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA is broken down into Co2 + protons in a series of reactions
The energy in Acetyl CoA is released in the form of high energy electrons
These high energy electrons, along with protons combine with NAD+ to form NADH (NADH molecules enter Electron Transport Chain)
During the Krebs Cycle a single ADP+P is converted to ATP + water
Outline the events of the Electron Transport Chain
Located on inner membrane of mitochondrion, infoldings increase the S.A
Electron Transport Chain consists of a number of molecules mainly proteins
High energy electrons are passed from NADH to the first of these molecules
Electrons pass from molecule to molecule and lose some of their energy
Energy released from the electrons from ADP+P —> ATP + water (the rest of the energy is lost as heat)
At the end of the system, low energy electrons are removed by combining with oxygen+hydrogen to form water
Outline the steps in Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration can occur in the presence of O2 but doesn’t need it
Takes place in the cytosol
In plants + bacteria
2 pyruvic acid converted to 2 lactic acid
In plants + yeast
2 Ethanol + 2 CO2
Lactic acid builds up and causes cramps
Name the microorganisms used in Bioprocessing and their products
Bacteria:
Ethanol —> Beer and wine
Yeasts:
Ethanol —> Beer and wine
Fungi:
Antibiotics —> Treat bacterial infections
To show the production of alcohol by yeast experiment
Outline the steps involved
Dissolve Glucose in water
Boil the solution (forms anaerobic conditions)
Add dried yeast
Cover liquid with oil (prevents oxygen from re-entering solution)
Apparatus placed in 30 degree water bath (optimum respiration temperature)
Bubbles of Co2 will be seen in limewater
Fermentation is complete when bubbles stop forming
To Show the production of ethanol experiment
Outline the Method
Potassium iodide added to filtrate
Sodium hypochlorite added
Place in water bath at 50-60 degrees
Positive result is Pale Yellow Crystals
To show alcohol is produced
Outline the method
Acidified potassium dichromate added
Placed in warm water bath
Positive result is an Orange to Green colour change
