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Respi Physio I Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system is divided into:

A
  1. Upper Airways - Nose, Sinuses, Larynx
  2. Lower Airways - Trachea, Airways, Alveoli
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2
Q

Functions of the Nose (4)

A
  1. Nostrils condition air during inspiration and warm the air
  2. Humidifies the air via capillaries
  3. Filters air
  4. Sense of smell
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3
Q

Sinuses (4)

A

Frontal Sinuses
Maxillary Sinuses
Sphenoid Sinuses
Ethmoid Sinuses

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4
Q

Functions of the Sinuses (2)

A
  1. Lightens skull
  2. Resonance to voice
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5
Q

Structures of the Larynx (3)

A
  1. Vocal Cords
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Arytenoids
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6
Q

Functions of the Larynx (3)

A
  1. Vocal Cords: Protects airway, produces sounds
  2. Epiglottis: Covers vocal cords when swallowing
  3. Arytenoids: Covers vocal cords when swallowing
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7
Q

Structures of the Trachea

A
  1. Adventitia
  2. Hyaline Cartilage
  3. Trachealis muscle
  4. Submucosa with submucous glands
  5. Mucosa
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8
Q

Shape of Hyaline Cartilage in Trachea

A

C-shaped

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9
Q

Function of C-shaped Hyaline Cartilage in Trachea

A

Bolus causes dilation in esophagus when swallowing. Shape will prevent aspiration.

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10
Q

Parts of the Lower Airways

A

Trachea
Main stem bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sac

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11
Q

How many generations of airways?

A

23

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12
Q

Right vs Left bronchi

A

Right is wider, shorter and more vertical
Prone to aspiration

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13
Q

Airways are divided into 2:

A

Conducting airways
Respiratory unit

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14
Q

What happens in the conducting airway?

A

No gas exchange occurs

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15
Q

Parts of conducting airways

A

Trachea
Main stem bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

What is the respiratory unit?

A

Where gas exchange occurs

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17
Q

Parts of the respiratory unit:

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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18
Q

Respiratory Bronchiole is made of:

A

Respiratory epithelium that maintains periciliary fluid

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19
Q

Cough reflex

A
  1. 2.5L of air rapidly inspired
  2. Epiglottis closes
  3. Abdominal muscles contract
  4. Epiglottis opens
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20
Q

Sneeze reflex

A
  1. 2.5L of air rapidly inspired
  2. Epiglottis closes
  3. Abdomibal muscles contract
  4. Epiglottis opens
  5. Uvula depression
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21
Q

Weight of lungs

A

1kg (60% tissue, 40% blood)

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22
Q

Responsible for most of lung’s volume

A

Alveolar spaces

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23
Q

Gas exchange area

A

70-85m2

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24
Q

Right lung is made up of:

A

3 lobes with 2 fissures
Upper, Middle, Lower lobe
Oblique and Horizontal fissure

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25
Q

Left lung is made up of

A

2 lobes with 1 fissure
Upper, Lower lobe
Oblique fissure

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26
Q

Pleura of the Lungs is divided into:

A

Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura

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27
Q

Functions of pleural fluid

A

Keeps 2 pleura together
Has negative pressure

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28
Q

Anatomic Dead Space

A

Conducting Zone - no gas exchange

29
Q

Normal value of anatomic dead space

30
Q

Alveolar Dead Space

A

Air in the respiratory unit that does not undergo gas exchange due to V/Q mismatch

31
Q

Normal value of Alveolar Dead Space

32
Q

Physiologic Dead Space

A

Anatomic + Alveolar Dead Space

33
Q

Functional Anatomic Unit of the Lung

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

34
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments?

A

8-10 per lung
Each with own blood and nerve supply

35
Q

Type I Pneumocyte in Alveoli

A

96-98%
For gas exchange
Large, thin, flat

36
Q

Type II Pneumocyte in Alveoli

A

2-4%
For surfactant production - decreases surface tension preventing alveolar collapse
Small, cuboidal

37
Q

Rupture of alveolar walls occur due to:

A

Positive pressure in interstitial spaces greater than alveolar pressure (>0 mmHg)

38
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Produces mucus for lubrication

39
Q

In chronic smokers, goblet cells are

A

Hyperplastic and hypertrophic

40
Q

Clara Cells or Club Cells

A

Produces GAGs
Metabolize air-borne toxins

41
Q

Dust Cells are also called

A

Alveolar Macrophages

42
Q

Function of Dust Cells

A

Removes trapped particles in alveoli

43
Q

Lung Volumes (4)

A

ITER:

IRV
TV
ERV
RV

44
Q

Lung Capacities (4)

A

Sum of 2 or more lung volumes
3, 2, 1

VC
IC
FRC
TLC

45
Q

Normal volume of air in lungs

46
Q

How many mL in IRV?

47
Q

How many mL in TV?

48
Q

Physiologic Dead Space (Anatomic + Alveolar) is computed using:

A

Bohr’s Equation:
VD = VT x (PaCO2 - PeCO2)/PaCO2

PaCO2 - PCO2 of arterial blood
PeCO2 - PCO2 of mixed expired air

49
Q

Formula for Minute Ventilation

A

MV = VT x breaths/min

50
Q

Formula for Alveolar Ventilation = Corrected Minute Ventilation

A

VA = (VT - VD) x breaths/min

51
Q

Lung Volume and Capacity in females

A

20-25% lower

52
Q

Inspiration causes:

A

Negative pressure

53
Q

How many mL in ERV?

54
Q

How many mL in RV?

55
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during relaxed state

56
Q

Tidal Volume is:

A

Amount inhaled or exhaled during relaxed state with each breath

57
Q

Tidal Volume is divided into (500 mL):

A

Anatomic Dead Space (150 mL)
Respiratory Unit (350 mL)

58
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume is

A

Amount of inspired air ABOVE tidal volume
**Used during exercise

59
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume is

A

Amount of air exhaled AFTER expiration of tidal volume

60
Q

Reserve Volume is

A

Remaining air in the lungs AFTER MAXIMAL EXPIRATION
**Maintains oxygenation in the lungs between breaths

61
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

Sum of IRV + TV

62
Q

Functional Residual Capacity is

A

Sum of ERV + RV
Air in the lungs AFTER EXPIRING tidal volume
Amount of air remaining before and after tidal volume

63
Q

Equilibrium or resting volume of the lung (no air in, no air out)

A

Functional Residual Capacity

64
Q

Marker for lung function

A

FRC
FRC decreases = lung collapses

65
Q

During FRC

A

Atmospheric pressure = alveolar pressure

66
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Sum of IRV + TV + ERV
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled

67
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Sum of IRV + TV + ERV + RV

68
Q

Cannot be measured by spirometry

69
Q

Spirometry measures

A

Amount of exhaled air

Physio (5 decks)

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