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Respi Physio I Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system is divided into:

A
  1. Upper Airways - Nose, Sinuses, Larynx
  2. Lower Airways - Trachea, Airways, Alveoli
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2
Q

Functions of the Nose (4)

A
  1. Nostrils condition air during inspiration and warm the air
  2. Humidifies the air via capillaries
  3. Filters air
  4. Sense of smell
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3
Q

Sinuses (4)

A

Frontal Sinuses
Maxillary Sinuses
Sphenoid Sinuses
Ethmoid Sinuses

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4
Q

Functions of the Sinuses (2)

A
  1. Lightens skull
  2. Resonance to voice
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5
Q

Structures of the Larynx (3)

A
  1. Vocal Cords
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Arytenoids
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6
Q

Functions of the Larynx (3)

A
  1. Vocal Cords: Protects airway, produces sounds
  2. Epiglottis: Covers vocal cords when swallowing
  3. Arytenoids: Covers vocal cords when swallowing
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7
Q

Structures of the Trachea

A
  1. Adventitia
  2. Hyaline Cartilage
  3. Trachealis muscle
  4. Submucosa with submucous glands
  5. Mucosa
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8
Q

Shape of Hyaline Cartilage in Trachea

A

C-shaped

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9
Q

Function of C-shaped Hyaline Cartilage in Trachea

A

Bolus causes dilation in esophagus when swallowing. Shape will prevent aspiration.

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10
Q

Parts of the Lower Airways

A

Trachea
Main stem bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sac

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11
Q

How many generations of airways?

A

23

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12
Q

Right vs Left bronchi

A

Right is wider, shorter and more vertical
Prone to aspiration

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13
Q

Airways are divided into 2:

A

Conducting airways
Respiratory unit

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14
Q

What happens in the conducting airway?

A

No gas exchange occurs

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15
Q

Parts of conducting airways

A

Trachea
Main stem bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

What is the respiratory unit?

A

Where gas exchange occurs

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17
Q

Parts of the respiratory unit:

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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18
Q

Respiratory Bronchiole is made of:

A

Respiratory epithelium that maintains periciliary fluid

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19
Q

Cough reflex

A
  1. 2.5L of air rapidly inspired
  2. Epiglottis closes
  3. Abdominal muscles contract
  4. Epiglottis opens
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20
Q

Sneeze reflex

A
  1. 2.5L of air rapidly inspired
  2. Epiglottis closes
  3. Abdomibal muscles contract
  4. Epiglottis opens
  5. Uvula depression
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21
Q

Weight of lungs

A

1kg (60% tissue, 40% blood)

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22
Q

Responsible for most of lung’s volume

A

Alveolar spaces

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23
Q

Gas exchange area

A

70-85m2

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24
Q

Right lung is made up of:

A

3 lobes with 2 fissures
Upper, Middle, Lower lobe
Oblique and Horizontal fissure

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25
Left lung is made up of
2 lobes with 1 fissure Upper, Lower lobe Oblique fissure
26
Pleura of the Lungs is divided into:
Visceral Pleura Parietal Pleura
27
Functions of pleural fluid
Keeps 2 pleura together Has negative pressure
28
Anatomic Dead Space
Conducting Zone - no gas exchange
29
Normal value of anatomic dead space
150 mL
30
Alveolar Dead Space
Air in the respiratory unit that does not undergo gas exchange due to V/Q mismatch
31
Normal value of Alveolar Dead Space
0 mL
32
Physiologic Dead Space
Anatomic + Alveolar Dead Space
33
Functional Anatomic Unit of the Lung
Bronchopulmonary segments
34
How many bronchopulmonary segments?
8-10 per lung Each with own blood and nerve supply
35
Type I Pneumocyte in Alveoli
96-98% For gas exchange Large, thin, flat
36
Type II Pneumocyte in Alveoli
2-4% For surfactant production - decreases surface tension preventing alveolar collapse Small, cuboidal
37
Rupture of alveolar walls occur due to:
Positive pressure in interstitial spaces greater than alveolar pressure (>0 mmHg)
38
Goblet Cells
Produces mucus for lubrication
39
In chronic smokers, goblet cells are
Hyperplastic and hypertrophic
40
Clara Cells or Club Cells
Produces GAGs Metabolize air-borne toxins
41
Dust Cells are also called
Alveolar Macrophages
42
Function of Dust Cells
Removes trapped particles in alveoli
43
Lung Volumes (4)
ITER: IRV TV ERV RV
44
Lung Capacities (4)
Sum of 2 or more lung volumes 3, 2, 1 VC IC FRC TLC
45
Normal volume of air in lungs
6L
46
How many mL in IRV?
3000 mL
47
How many mL in TV?
500 mL
48
Physiologic Dead Space (Anatomic + Alveolar) is computed using:
Bohr’s Equation: VD = VT x (PaCO2 - PeCO2)/PaCO2 PaCO2 - PCO2 of arterial blood PeCO2 - PCO2 of mixed expired air
49
Formula for Minute Ventilation
MV = VT x breaths/min
50
Formula for Alveolar Ventilation = Corrected Minute Ventilation
VA = (VT - VD) x breaths/min
51
Lung Volume and Capacity in females
20-25% lower
52
Inspiration causes:
Negative pressure
53
How many mL in ERV?
1200 mL
54
How many mL in RV?
1200 mL
55
Tidal Volume
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during relaxed state
56
Tidal Volume is:
Amount inhaled or exhaled during relaxed state with each breath
57
Tidal Volume is divided into (500 mL):
Anatomic Dead Space (150 mL) Respiratory Unit (350 mL)
58
Inspiratory Reserve Volume is
Amount of inspired air ABOVE tidal volume **Used during exercise
59
Expiratory Reserve Volume is
Amount of air exhaled AFTER expiration of tidal volume
60
Reserve Volume is
Remaining air in the lungs AFTER MAXIMAL EXPIRATION **Maintains oxygenation in the lungs between breaths
61
Inspiratory Capacity
Sum of IRV + TV
62
Functional Residual Capacity is
Sum of ERV + RV Air in the lungs AFTER EXPIRING tidal volume Amount of air remaining before and after tidal volume
63
Equilibrium or resting volume of the lung (no air in, no air out)
Functional Residual Capacity
64
Marker for lung function
FRC FRC decreases = lung collapses
65
During FRC
Atmospheric pressure = alveolar pressure
66
Vital Capacity
Sum of IRV + TV + ERV Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled
67
Total Lung Capacity
Sum of IRV + TV + ERV + RV
68
Cannot be measured by spirometry
RV FRC TLC
69
Spirometry measures
Amount of exhaled air

Physio (5 decks)

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