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522 (dog & cat class) > Resp sx > Flashcards

Resp sx Flashcards

1
Q

what are the C/S for a nasal obstruction?

A

nasal d/c, sneezing, epistasis (uni or bilateral), stertorous inspiration

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2
Q

what are the C/S for an elongated soft palate?

A

stertorous breathing, inspiratory stridor, resp distress, cyanosis, collapse

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3
Q

what are the C/S for laryngeal collapse?

A

stertor, stridor, coughing, gagging, dyspnea, regurg, vomiting, exercise intolerance, syncope/collapse

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4
Q

what are the C/S of laryngeal paralysis?

A

change in voice/phonation, gagging/coughing, exercise intolerance, inspiratory stridor, dyspnea, cyanosis, syncope/collapse

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5
Q

what are the C/S for a tracheal obstruction?

A

cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, collapse

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6
Q

what surgical solutions do you have for upper airway diseases?

A
  • create a bigger opening: open nares, turbinates , shorten soft palate, pexy the epiglottis, tie back the larynx
  • bypass the upper airway completely (tracheostomy): only if the above doesn’t work
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7
Q

what are the C/S for tracheal rupture?

A

subq emphysema, anorexia,. lethargy, stridor, coughing

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8
Q

what are the C/S for tracheal collapse?

A

honking goose cough, dyspnea (waxing/waning), exercise intolerance, cyanosis, syncope/collapse

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9
Q

what can you do surgically to treat tracheal disease?

A

do something to keep the trachea open, bypass the upper airway completely with tracheostomy, otherwise resect and anastomose

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10
Q

what are the C/S for consolidated lung lobe and abscesses?

A

resp distress (varying degrees), low grade fever, exercise intolerance

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11
Q

what are the C/S for bronchiectasis?

A

cough, repeated bouts of pneumonia

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12
Q

what are the C/S for lung lobe torsion?

A

dyspnea, tachypnea, lethargy. cough, hemoptysis

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13
Q

what are the C/S for pulmonary neoplasia?

A

increased resp effort, exercise intolerance, cough

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14
Q

what are the solutions for lower airway diseases surgically?

A

cut what ever is causing disease out and remove it

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15
Q

what are the C/s for pleural space disease

A

depends on vol and rapidity of fill

restrictive breathing pattern (rapid and shallow to maintain minute vol)

rapid onset

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16
Q

how can you treat pleural space disease surgically?

A

drain the air/fluid and treat inciting cause

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17
Q

what does BOAS stand for?

A

brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome

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18
Q

what are the factors involved in BOAS?

A
  • stenotic nares
  • aberrent turbinates
  • elongated, thickened soft palate
  • oversized tongue
  • everted laryngeal saccules
  • hypoplastic trachea
  • laryngeal collapse, tracheal collapse
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19
Q

what are the C/S of BOAS?

A
  • resp noise
  • stenotic nares
  • GI signs (difficulty swallowing, regurg, gastroesophageal reflux)
  • obstructive sleep apnea
  • heat intolerance
  • cyanosis and collapse
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20
Q

how do you diagnose BOAS?

A
  • PE
  • laryngoscopy/endoscopy
  • CT, rads
21
Q

how do you manage BOAS?

A
  • weight mgmt
  • avoid overheating
  • open nares (rhinoplasty)
  • open turbinates (endoscope guided turbinectomy)
  • shorten soft palate (staphylelctomy) or also thin it (folded flap palatoplasty)
  • partial tonsillectomy
  • laryngeal sacculectomy
  • ongoing observation…

we do not cure BOAS!!!!!

22
Q

what are the risks of BOAS treatment?

A

post-op airway inflammation/swelling

aspy pneu pneu

23
Q

what is a hiatal hernia?

A

when stomach herniates through diaphragm (alongside esophagus in esophagus hiatus) into the thoracic cavity

24
Q

what is the general pathophys of laryngeal paralysis? who gets it?

A

typically older large breed dogs, idiopathic acquired

vagus –> recurrent laryngeal nerve –> caudal laryngeal nerve

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) fails to abduct the arytenoid cartilage

problem when bilateral

25
Q

what are the C/S of lar par? (laryngeal paralysis)

A
  • change phonation, gagging/coughing esp when E/D
  • exercise intolerance
  • heat intolerance
  • laryngeal stridor
  • acute dyspnea
  • cyanosis, syncope
  • regurg (megaesophagus)

progressive disorder

26
Q

how do you diagnose lar par (laryngeal paralysis?)

A

rads
laryngoscopy under light plane anesthesia

27
Q

how do you manage laryngeal paralysis? lar pars

A
  • cooling, O2 therapy, anxiolytics
  • emergency tracheostomy
  • mild: weight loss, stress reduction, exercise restriction, avoid heat (progression)
  • mod/severe: unilateral cricoarytenoid lateralization (unilateral “tie-back”)

we do not sure lar par :(

28
Q

what are the risks for lar par intervention?

A
  • GOLPP (geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy)
  • aspy pneu pneu = life long risk
29
Q

tracheostomy can be used for any obstruction… where?

A

forward of larynx

BOAS, laryngeal collapse, lar par, granulomas

30
Q

what can you do to surgically treat tracheal collapse? what should you do first?

A

first, try medical management!!!

stending (intraluminal > extraluminal)
dogs with severe, refractory tracheal collapse benefit from earlier stenting
malformation type collapse is more likely to require tracheal stenting

31
Q

what is spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

leakage of air from lung without evidence of trauma

32
Q

what are the C/S of pneumothorax?

A

mild: asymptomatic
mod/severe: restrictive breathing pattern, hypoventilation, diminished lung sounds

can be fatal

33
Q

how do you diagnose pneumothorax

A
  • PE
  • rads (once stable)
  • CT (?)
34
Q

how do you tx pneumothorax?

A
  • thoracocentesis
  • thoracostomy tubes for animals requiring ongoing drainage
  • continuous suction
  • autologous blood patch? [last ditch effort, fibrin from this “helps”]
  • surgery
35
Q

pyothorax:
1. typical signalment?
2. what type of bac t?

A
  1. young. hunting/working breed dogs over represented
  2. obligate anaerobes or mix of obligate and facultative anaerobes; bac t tend to reflect oral cavity and URT
36
Q

what are the C/S of pyothorax?

A

tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, restrictive breathing pattern, muffled breath & heart sounds

may be afebrile
SIRS, sepsis… often

often fatal

37
Q

how do you diagnose pyothorax?

A
  • thoracocentesis –> cytology
  • imaging
38
Q

how do you medically treat pyothorax?

A
  • drainage and Abx (fluoroquinolone & penicillin or clindamycin to start, then based on C&S)
  • thoracic drainage
  • thoracic lavage??
39
Q

when/why do you surgically treat pyothorax?

A
  • primary cause that requires surgical resection
  • thoracostomy tube complications
  • failure of medical mgmt
40
Q

how do you surgically treat pyothorax?

A

medial sternotomy

41
Q

what is the most common cause of diaphragmatic hernias? what organ is most commonly included in the hernia?

A

trauma
liver

42
Q

what are the C/S of diaphragmatic hernias?

A

resp distress, exercise intolerance, potentially GI signs, muffled heart sounds, lung sounds, borborygmi

depends on what is herniated and state that organ is in

43
Q

how do you diagnose diaphragmatic hernia?

A

rads or US

44
Q

how do you correct a diaphragmatic hernia?

A
  • surgery ASAP in stable pt (hernias trump fx)
  • hernia reduction (abdominal approach)
45
Q

what does PPDH stand for?

A

peritoneopericradial diaphragmatic hernia

46
Q

PPDH’s are ____. what are they? what is the typical signalment involved?

A

congenital
gap in ventral diaphragm such that pericardial sac and peritoneal cavity communicate

Weimaraners and long haired cat breeds, any age

47
Q

what are the clinical signs ofperitoneopericradial diaphragmatic hernias?

A

GI, CV, resp signs

muffled heart sounds, borborygmi

48
Q

how do you diagnose PPDH?

A

rads or US

49
Q

how do you manage PPDHs?

A

asymptomatic incidental: conservative mgmt

midline ceiliotomy

522 (dog & cat class) (31 decks)

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