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respiratory > resp physiology > Flashcards

resp physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the residual volume

A

A volume of gas always present in the body to keep the alveoli partially inflated so they are partially stretched which makes them easier to fill - the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration

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2
Q

What is the vital capacity

A

the maximum capacity of air that can be voluntarily moved

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3
Q

What is dead space volume

A

The air sitting in the upper respiratory conducting airways - not viable for gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the tidal volume

A

The volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs every breath

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5
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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6
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum amount of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of a normal inspiration

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7
Q

What is the vital capacity

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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8
Q

What is the total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity + the residual volume

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9
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

What is the functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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11
Q

What is FEV1

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second

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12
Q

What is FVC

A

Forced vital capacity - forced expiratory volume in one breath

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13
Q

What is the parietal pleura attached to

A

The rib cage

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14
Q

What is the visceral pleura attached to

A

The lungs

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15
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid

A

It allows the two membranes to glide across each other while preventing them from separating

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16
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalene

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17
Q

What are the muscles of expiration

A

Internal intercostals

Abdominal muscles

Expiration is a passive process but if we want to force expiration, these muscles are used

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18
Q

Describe breathing with regards to the diaphragm during inspiration

A

The diaphragm contracts which pushes it down and increases the thoracic volume which therefore reduces the pressure

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19
Q

Describe expiration with regards to the diaphragm

A

The diaphragm relaxes which pushes it up, therefore decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

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20
Q

What nerve innervates the motor function of the diaphragm

A

The phrenic nerve

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21
Q

What way do the external intercostal muscle fibres run

A

as you go proximally the fibres run inferiorly

Imagine putting hands into pockets

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22
Q

What way do internal intercostal muscle fibres run

A

As you go proximally, the fibres run superiorly

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23
Q

What is the intra-thoracic (alveolar) pressure

A

Pressure inside thoracic cavity - essentially in lungs

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24
Q

What is the intra-pleural plessure

A

Pressure inside the pleural cavity - usually negative compared to the atmospheric pressure

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25
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure

A

Difference between alveolar pressure and intra-pleural pressure - usually positive since the intra-pleural pressure is negative

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26
Q

What is the function of type 1 alveolar cells

A

Gas exchange

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27
Q

What is the function of type II alveolar cells

A

Produces surfactant

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28
Q

What is the function of surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension on the alveolar surface membrane which reduces the risk for alveoli collapsing

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29
Q

Explain surface tension with regards to alveoli

A

The air needs to be in solution before it can leave the alveoli - the water droplets are attracted to other droplets outside the alveoli which creates a force around the alveoli which can cause it to collapse - surfactants block this effect by getting between the water droplets

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30
Q

What is a high compliance in the lungs

A

Large increase in lung volume for small change in intra-pleural pressure

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31
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

Total air movement in or out of the lungs

32
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

Fresh air getting to alveoli which means that it is available for gas exchange

33
Q

How to calculate Pulmonary ventilation

A

Tidal volume x resp rate

34
Q

How to calculate alveolar ventilation

A

(Tidal volume - dead space) x resp rate

35
Q

Why are alveoli at the vase of the lung better for ventilation

A

The alveoli at the base are crushed by the weight of the lung and more compressed which means that they can expand more

36
Q

What is the normal alveolar partial pressure of oxygen and CO2

A

O2 - 100mmHg
CO2 - 40mmHg

37
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

38
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood towards the heart from the lungs

39
Q

Why are type 1 alveolar cells good for gas exchange

A

They have a large surface are and a thin membrane which allows for a short diffusion distance

40
Q

What happens to the partial pressure O2 in emphysema

A

Emphysema - destruction of alveoli which reduces surface area for gas exchange so the blood does not get O2 from the alveoli so the partial pressure O2 decreases

41
Q

Why does fibrotic lung disease reduce PO2 in the blood

A

The alveolar membrane is thickened which slows gas exchange

42
Q

Why does pulmonary oedema decrease the partial pressure O2 in blood

A

Oxygen is not very water soluble and the increased fluid makes a further diffusion distance which slows gas exchange

43
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in asthma

A

It is low in the alveoli and therefore low in the blood due to less oxygen being able to be taken into the alveoi

44
Q

What is ventilation

A

The amount of air getting to the alveoli

45
Q

What is perfusion

A

The local blood flow to tissues

46
Q

Where is the blood flow higher than ventilation within the lung

A

The base of the lung because the arterial pressure exceeds alveolar pressure - this leads to the alveoli being compressed

47
Q

What is the trend with blood flow and ventilation as you go from the base to the apex

A

Both decline but blood flow declines faster than ventilation meaning that the blood flow is higher than ventilation at the base and ventilation is higher than blood flow at the apex

48
Q

What happens when there is decreased PO2 in tissues around an under ventilated alveoli

A

The arterioles constrict causing blood to go to other better ventilated alveoli

49
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors monitor

A

Decreases in PO2

50
Q

What do central chemoreceptors monitor

A

Increase in PCO2

51
Q

What is a shunt

A

Passage of blood through areas of lung that are poorly ventilated

52
Q

What is alveolar dead space

A

Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused

53
Q

What is anatomical dead space

A

Air in the conducting zone that is unable to take part in gas exchange

54
Q

How is oxygen transported around the body

A

Either dissolved in plasma or bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells

55
Q

Is oxygen mainly transported in plasma or bound to haemoglobin

A

Water is not very soluble so the majority of oxygen travels bound to haemoglobin

56
Q

How is the majority of CO2 transported in the body

A

In solution in plasma and less is transported bound to haemoglobin

57
Q

How much of the arterial O2 is extracted by peripheral tissues at rest

A

25%

58
Q

How many oxygen molecules does each haemoglobin bind

A

4

59
Q

What determines how saturated the haemoglobin is with oxygen

A

The partial pressure of Oxygen in the alveoli and therefore in plasma

60
Q

How does the oxygen bind to the haemoglobin

A

The oxygen essentially sequesters oxygen from the plasma which therefore continuously gathers oxygen from the alveoli

61
Q

How much of our haemoglobin is saturated during normal PO2 and also at venous PO2

A

nearly fully saturated (97/98)% at normal PO2

75% saturated at venous PO2

62
Q

What is anaemia

A

Any condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is compromised

63
Q

What happens to the partial pressure O2 in anaemia

A

Nothing - the amount of oxygen decreases but the PO2 is normal

64
Q

What causes oxygen to be perfused to the tissues off the haemoglobin

A

When there is low haemoglobin affinity for oxygen

65
Q

What is the affect of PH on oxygen haemoglobin affinity

A

More oxygen affinity for haemoglobin when PH increases

66
Q

What is the effect of PCO2 on haemoglobin oxygen affinity

A

If PCO2 increases, acidity increases which therefore causes the PH to increase and increase the affinity

67
Q

What is the effect of temperature on oxygen haemoglobin affinity

A

Lower temperature increases affinity

68
Q

What is the affect of DPG on oxygen haemoglobin affinity

A

It reduces the affinity - it is an allosteric enzyme which reduces the affinity between oxygen and haemoglobin

69
Q

What are the symptoms of someone who has carboxyhaemoglobin formation - Carbon monoxide binding with haemoglobin

A

hypoxia, anaemia, nausea, headache , Cherry red skin and mucous membranes
Treat with 100% O2

70
Q

What are the types of hypoxia

A

M - metabolic hypoxia
A - anaemic hypoxia
S - stagnant hypoxia
H - histotoxic hypoxia
H - hypoxaemic hypoxia

71
Q

What nerves control the muscles of inspiration

A

Phrenic - diaphragm

intercostal nerves - external intercostal muscles

72
Q

Where are the respiratory centres in the brain

A

Pons and the medulla

73
Q

What are the central chemoreceptors

A

Medulla

74
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

75
Q

What do central chemoreceptors in the brain detect

A

Changes in protons in the CSF around the brain and then increase ventilation if too many protons to get rid of carbon dioxide

76
Q

What happens to people with chronic lung disease who have a chronically elevated PCO2

A

They become desensitised to PCO2 do rely on PO2 and the peripheral chemoreceptors

77
Q

What happens to respiration during swallowing

A

Respiration is inhibited to prevent food or fluids getting into the airway and swallowing is followed by an expiration to dislodge any particles that may have made their way to the respiratory system

respiratory (13 decks)

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