resp notes dog diseases Flashcards
Nasal aspergillosis
- lesions
- signs
- dx
- focal plaques in the nasal cavity, each formed by mats of fungal hyphae, much like plaques of mold growing on bread
- clinical signs: typically unilateral and include sneezing, nasal discharge, epistaxis, and/or nasal depigmentation
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Diagnosis: - plaques of fungal hyphae on biopsy
- cytology of nasal flush
nasal neoplasias
- what is common in the dog
- signs?
- metastases?
- Adenocarcinoma most common
- cause nasal discharge, sneezing, hemorrhage, and sometimes nasofacial deformity or stertor
- does metastasize, but late in the disease course
- Locally invasive and destructive growth is the more common clinical problem
- may cause exophthalmos, seizures…
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Diagnosis: - histologic or cytologic examination of masses identified in the nasal cavity
- MRI and rhinoscopy can identify tumor
Allergic rhinitis in dog
- histology, dx
eosinophilic rhinitis suggestive but not specific
- diagnosis must be made in conjunction with clinical signs, seasonality, and response to therapy
Nasal biopsies are highly useful in establishing the diagnosis of:
nasal neoplasms and nasal aspergillosis
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome
- what is it? what is included?
- issues?
spectrum of malformations that cause airway obstruction:
- stenotic nares
- everted laryngeal ventricles
- elongated soft palate
- tracheal hypoplasia
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Affected dogs may develop acute exacerbations due to aspiration pneumonia, probably because of the stertorous inspiratory effort
tracheal collapse
- signs
- who is affected most often
- concurrent conditions?
- chronic, honking, non-productive cough in small-breed adult dogs
- Some affected dogs also have chronic bronchitis and/or myxomatous mitral valve disease
Infectious bronchitis/kennel cough
- main pathogens
- clinical signs
- mainly caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica
- viruses such as canine adenovirus-2 and canine parainfluenza virus play a role in some cases
- acute onset of non-productive or productive cough
Chronic bronchitis
- who gets it?
- lesions?
- occurs in older, obese, small-breed dogs
- lack of specific lesions: chronic inflammation, and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting goblet cells
bacterial bronchopneumonia in dogs
- pathogens
- origin of infections?
- distribution and character?
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Streptococcus sp.
- Staphylococcus sp.
- extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli
- etc.
<><><><> - aspiration pneumonia more common than opportunistic infections
<><><><> - cranioventral reddening and consolidation
> may sometimes be more widespread in dogs - Acute bronchopneumonia in dogs is often more hemorrhagic than in other species
- Lesions of aspiration pneumonia are typically focal, unilateral, or at least asymmetrical (right middle lobe)
canine distemper
- pathogen
- who gets it?
- prevention
- transmission and pathogenesis
- clinical signs
- lung lesions
- histo
- canine distemper virus, a morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae)
- endemic in ontario wildlife
- effective vaccine
<><><><> - inhalation > infection causes viremia and systemic infection of epithelial and lymphoid tissues
- Immunosuppression, due to destruction of lymphoid tissue, predisposes to bacterial pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, and other infections
<><><><> - respiratory disease, encephalitis, and/or immunosuppression
- Acute signs include fever, oculonasal discharge, cough, dyspnea, and depression
- Neurologic signs may include ataxia, convulsions, myoclonus, blindness
- Skin lesions of nasal and foot pad hyperkeratosis occur in chronic stages
<><><><> - Gross lung lesions typically affect the cranioventral lung, with patchy areas of reddening and slight firmness
- Histologic lesions in lung and other tissues are characteristic, with epithelial necrosis in which surviving cells form intracytoplasmic (and sometimes intranuclear) inclusion bodies and syncytial cells.
Canine herpesvirus
- causes what disease? in who?
- transmission?
- risk factor
- lesions
- histo
- fatal viremia in puppies less than about 6 weeks of age
- transmitted by new dogs entering the population, or latent infections in the bitch that reactivate
- chilling below 37C is a risk factor
<><><><> - diffuse interstitial pneumonia and multifocal necrosis in kidney and liver
- foci of necrosis often have hemorrhage
- histologic lesions are characteristic, as intranuclear inclusion bodies are frequent.
non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
and
acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS is considered a subcategory of NCPE, if known causes or risk factors are identified.)
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- what is ARDS?
- causes of these conditions?
- lesions, appearance
- ARDS is a term that defines an acute onset of severe hypoxemia, without left atrial hypertension
<><><><> - Some cases have acute bacterial pneumonia.
- Others represent diffuse interstitial lung disease, and are the result of a broad spectrum of initiating conditions that result in damage to alveolar epithelium or endothelium:
- Systemic diseases that increase the permeability of lung capillaries: massive trauma, sepsis, SIRS such as from pancreatitis or immune hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, lung trauma/ contusion, whole-body or head trauma, strangulation
- Conditions that damage alveolar epithelium: aspiration of sterile gastric acid, viral infection, toxicants, inhalation of toxic fire gases (smoke inhalation)
<><><><> - The gross appearance is of interstitial lung disease: heavy, wet, diffusely firm lungs
- Histologic lesions are of alveolar edema with hyaline membranes and, in later stages, proliferation of type II pneumocytes
Eosinophilic lung diseases
- prevalence
- nature of disease
- lesions?
- tx?
- rare
- probably include several distinct diseases (eg. eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy/ eosinophilic granulomatosis)
- form infiltrates in the lung that are visible grossly and radiographically
- some diseases are immune-mediated while others are caused by parasitism such as Dirofilaria
- Many cases are responsive to corticosteroid therapy
uremic pneumonopathy
- pathogenesis
- Uremic toxins injure blood vessels in the lung, appearing as diffusely reddened lungs with histologic evidence of mineralization of alveolar septa.
- Some affected dogs have clinical signs of hyperpnea or dyspnea.
pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs
- origins
This condition is always secondary to another disease:
* Embolism from other sites such as endocarditis, or jugular phlebitis secondary to venipuncture or catheterization
* Increased coagulative tendency: glomerular disease (with loss of anti-thrombin), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, disseminated neoplasia, hyperadrenocorticism, corticosteroid therapy, or heartworm disease.
