resp 4 lectures Flashcards
how can pulmonary neoplasia cause issues (in cats)? what issues?
- progressive dyspnea > occupying space within lung tissue
- compression of a vital structure > eg. tumor compresses airway > chronic cough
- also more systemic effects > inflammatory cytokines > cachexia, malaise
- metastasis….
- diffusion from tumour > pulmonary edema, or pleural effusion resulting in clinical signs
cat pulmonary carcinoma
- how common?
- significacne?
- possible lesions?
- not super common in cats compared to other neoplasias, but not rare
- in cats, pulmonary carcinomas are almost always malignant tumors, that metastasize within lungs, invade pleura, go to many sites in the body
> classic site is the footpad of the digit > lameness
expected clinical signs from lung lobe torsion?
- appearance?
- lobe heavier than normal (presence of tumour eg?) > torsions (can be other causes too, eg. inflammatory lesions, etc.)
> pleural effusion is common
> venous infarction due to twisting > occlusion > effusion
Cats:
Sneezing, nasal discharge + oral ulcers =
- what does this point to?
- calicivirus infection
> upper resp, occasionally can get primary viral pneumonia, but usually secondary bacterial
cats Chronic rhinitis:
- pathology of why this can happen? pathogens?
- excavation of nasal turbinates
> herpes virus can do this very commonly > only destroys the epithelium but can be secondary loss of turbinates
> they cannot regrow > permenant impairment of resp defences
Why Do Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Become Chronic??
- Recrudescence from latency—herpesvirus * Persistent infections: calicivirus, Bordetella
- Destruction of epithelium or turbinates
- Post-inflammatory scarring and stenosis
- Hidden focus of infection: sinusitis
- FeLV, FIV
Which is more important in bacterial pneumonia of cats compared to that of dogs?
a. Predisposing viral infections
b. Bordetella, Pasteurella, Streptococcus, …
c. Aspiration pneumonia
all of them can happen but:
a. Predisposing viral infections
- very common reason for cats to get pneumonia, less common in dogs
> dog cases are often aspiration related
Feline bronchitis
1. Reasons for airway obstruction?
2. Functional effects of airway
obstruction?
3. Expected clinical signs?
- common disease
<><><><> - inflammation/ edema, exudate and necrotic debris, bronchoconstriction
-<><><> - Increased resistance to airflow through the airways
- Increased respiratory effort (dyspnea)
- Failure to ventilate the alveoli, thus leading to hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (cats)
* Source of infection?
* Are worms grossly visible?
- lesions
* Clinical significance?
What parasite of sheep and goats does this remind you of ?
- outdoor young cats
> access to the snail or slug intermediate hosts - microscopic worms
> soft 2-5 mm diameter nodules beneath the pleura of the dorsal lung
> granulomatous inflammatory response - usually subclinical
- DDx metastatic neoplasia esp in older animal
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Muellerius capillaris
PARAGONIMUS KELLICOTTI (cats)
- from who?
- lesions
- clinical significance?
- also in who?
- crayfish intermediate host
- cyst-like cavitations in the lung
- usually no clinical signs, But:
infection can be significant in two ways: - The cyst can be mistaken radiographically for a neoplasm, leading to unnecessary euthanasia.
- Rupture of the cysts causes pneumothorax with acute dyspnea.
- also in dogs
Are nasal biopsies useful?
- when yes? when no?
- often dont get back specific or useful information…
- they are good when you can actually find the lesion and biopsy it… sometimes can be useful by chance
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Yes: - Neoplasia
- Nasal polyps
- Aspergillosis
- Allergic–eosinophils are suggestive > need to look at this in context of clinical findings (can be adjacent to fungal lesions, neoplasms)
- “Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis” ??? > non-specific pathological lesion, any of these can cause it. But if we can ule others out, this may respond to corticosteroid therapy, even though lesion not specific
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Not really: - Foreign body–observed by endoscopy
- Trauma–radiographs
- Tooth root abscess – clinical exam, radiographs
- Oronasal fistula – clinical exam
- Allergic
> all of these are not diagnosible by biopsy, up to the clinicial
<><><><><> - in over half, maybe over 80%, will get a diangosis that may not be helpful, but can get useful info in a subset of cases…
NASAL CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
- who?
- lesion
- impact?
- cats, less commonly dogs, other mammals
- thick capsule that invokes very little inflammation, so the gross lesions appear as a gooey gelatinous mass of yeast bodies
- inhalation, leading to nasal disease
- can invade from the nasal cavity through the cribriform plate to cause meningoencephalitis
- Aspiration of infected nasal mucus may cause pneumonia.
- In immunosuppressed individuals, hematogenous spread results in ulcerating cutaneous nodules, uveitis, or lesions in the viscera.
AUDITORY POLYP
- who
- what? where? lesion and effects?
- Auditory (nasopharyngeal) polyp is a common condition in young adult cats
- middle ear or auditory (Eustachian) tube
- grows into the pharynx to cause gagging or dysphagia, or into the nasal cavity to cause stertor and nasal discharge, or into the middle ear to cause head tilt, head shaking, or Horner’s syndrome.
- It is important to distinguish this common condition of young cats from neoplasia.
Diffuse interstitial pneumonia in pigs, pathogens:
- PRRS
- Porcine circovirus
(3. Swine influenza)
- septicemia
Cranioventral bronchopneumonia in swine, pathogens
(3. Swine influenza)
4. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
5. Opportunistic bacterial pneumonia (Pasteurella & others)
