resp

Question 1

4 Functions

Answer 1

• exchange of gas b/w atmosphere and blood: uptake of O2, release of CO2, respiratory area ~70 m2
• filtration, temp regulation and humidification of inspired aire
• olfaction (smell)
• production of sound

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Structural Organization: Upper vs Lower

Answer 3

• Upper: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
• for warming, filtering and humidifying air
• Lower: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 4

Functional Organization: conducting vs. respiratory

Answer 4

• C: nasal cavity to smallest bronchioles
• conductin air from outside to respiratory surfaces
• R: alveoli

Question 5

Pharynx: what? 3 regions?

Answer 5

• where nose and mouth and throat connect
• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Swallowing Process

Answer 7

1. tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx
2. extrinsinc muscles elevate larynx which folds epiglottis, covering the glottis
3. intrinsic muscles close golottis
4. pharrngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus
5. bolus moves along esophagus
6. larynx returns to normal position

Question 8

Root of the lung - aka? purpose? where?

Answer 8

• hilus
• site where blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and airways enter and leave lungs

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Cardiac Notch vs Impression

Answer 10

• notch is on lateral view - side view of hole
• impression is medial view: actual hole/indentation

Question 11

Pleura - layers, space?

Question 12

Trachea

Answer 12

• “windpipe”
• 15 - 20 C shaped cartilage rings
• c6 to T5

Question 13

Airways - bronchus differences? extra/interpulmonary? muscle? cartialage?

Answer 13

• primary: extrapulmonary
• secondary, etc: interpulmonar
• bronchus = cartilage
• bronchioles = smooth muscle, no cartilage

Question 14

Structure/Function of Airway Wall: Cartilage? Smooth Muscle? Elastic Fibers?

Answer 14

• C: found in larger airways, helps keep them open
• SM: predominates in smaller airways, controls diameter of airway - constriction reduces airflow, parasymp
• EF: predominate in smaller airways and respiratory portion, elastic recoil provides force for expiration

Question 15

Asthma Attack - what happens why?

Answer 15

• smooth muscle in wall of bronchioles contract
• contraction caused by: parasympathetic stimulation, mediators of allergic reactions (histamines)
• muscle contraction reduces airflow
• bronchioles most numerous airways, therefore provide greatest resistance to airflow

Question 16

COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - means? due to? which means? causes?

Answer 16

• reduced ability to expire air from lungs
• due to breakdown of alveolar walls: alveoli fused together = less elastic tissue and abnormally large air spaces
• lowered surface area for gas exchange (reduces respiratory efficiency)
• reduced elastic recoil because of loss of elastic fibers
• cases: smoking, irritants like pollution and dust

Question 17

Respiratory Epithelium and how it changes?

Question 18

Type I and Type II cells

Answer 18

• I: alveolar epithelial cell: squamous, thin and delicate
• 2: surfactant cell

Question 19

Type II Alveolar Cells - secrete? which does?

Answer 19

• secretes surfactant
• lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
• prevents alveolar walls from sticking together and collapsing

Question 20

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Answer 20

• in children born prematurely
• Type II albeolar cells not yet active - lack surfactant
• alveioli fail to inflate properly
• insufficient oxgenation of blood

Question 21

Alveolar Macrophage

Answer 21

• ingest debris in alveoli
• enter airways
• become trapped in mucus sheets
• carried toward pharynx by ciliary action
• expectorated or swallowed

Question 22

Blood Supply: arteries, veins, lymphatics?

Answer 22

• Pulmonary arteries: enter at hilum, travel and branch with airways - carry dexosygenated blood from heart
• Pulmonary Veins: travel in interlobular connective tissue, carry oxgenated blood to heart
• Lymphatics: travel in interlobular connective tissue

Question 23

Muscles of Inspiration: Quiet

Answer 23

• Scalenes: anchor first rib
• External intercostals: move ibs up and out
• diaphragm: contract = flat = increases volume = inspiration

Question 24

Muscles of Inspiration - Forced

Answer 24

• Sternocleidomastoid: pulls up on sternum
• pectoralis minor: pulls up on 3/4/5th ribs

Question 25

Mucscles of Exhalation: quiet vs forced

Answer 25

• quiet: elastic recoil
• forced: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles that pull down on ribs and bush in organs

Question 26

Quiet Breathing Muscles

Answer 26

• Inspiration: scalene to fix first rib
• diaphragm contrats and flattens which increases vertical diameter of thoracic cavity
• external intercostals which lifts ribs superiorly and pushes sternum anteriorly
• expiration: elastic recoil, passive process

Question 27

Forced Breathing Muscles

Answer 27

• I: sternocleidomastoid to elevate sternum
• pectoralis minor to elevate ribs 3 - 5
• E: internal intercostals
• abdominal muscles to move ribs inferiorly, and compress viscera which moves diaphragm superiorly