resp Flashcards
1
Q
4 Functions
A
- exchange of gas b/w atmosphere and blood: uptake of O2, release of CO2, respiratory area ~70 m2
- filtration, temp regulation and humidification of inspired aire
- olfaction (smell)
- production of sound
2
Q
A
3
Q
Structural Organization: Upper vs Lower
A
- Upper: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
- for warming, filtering and humidifying air
- Lower: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
4
Q
Functional Organization: conducting vs. respiratory
A
- C: nasal cavity to smallest bronchioles
- conductin air from outside to respiratory surfaces
- R: alveoli
5
Q
Pharynx: what? 3 regions?
A
- where nose and mouth and throat connect
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
6
Q
A
7
Q
Swallowing Process
A
- tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx
- extrinsinc muscles elevate larynx which folds epiglottis, covering the glottis
- intrinsic muscles close golottis
- pharrngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus
- bolus moves along esophagus
- larynx returns to normal position
8
Q
Root of the lung - aka? purpose? where?
A
- hilus
- site where blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and airways enter and leave lungs
9
Q
A
10
Q
Cardiac Notch vs Impression
A
- notch is on lateral view - side view of hole
- impression is medial view: actual hole/indentation
11
Q
Pleura - layers, space?
A
12
Q
Trachea
A
- “windpipe”
- 15 - 20 C shaped cartilage rings
- c6 to T5
13
Q
Airways - bronchus differences? extra/interpulmonary? muscle? cartialage?
A
- primary: extrapulmonary
- secondary, etc: interpulmonar
- bronchus = cartilage
- bronchioles = smooth muscle, no cartilage
14
Q
Structure/Function of Airway Wall: Cartilage? Smooth Muscle? Elastic Fibers?
A
- C: found in larger airways, helps keep them open
- SM: predominates in smaller airways, controls diameter of airway - constriction reduces airflow, parasymp
- EF: predominate in smaller airways and respiratory portion, elastic recoil provides force for expiration
15
Q
Asthma Attack - what happens why?
A
- smooth muscle in wall of bronchioles contract
- contraction caused by: parasympathetic stimulation, mediators of allergic reactions (histamines)
- muscle contraction reduces airflow
- bronchioles most numerous airways, therefore provide greatest resistance to airflow
16
Q
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - means? due to? which means? causes?
A
- reduced ability to expire air from lungs
- due to breakdown of alveolar walls: alveoli fused together = less elastic tissue and abnormally large air spaces
- lowered surface area for gas exchange (reduces respiratory efficiency)
- reduced elastic recoil because of loss of elastic fibers
- cases: smoking, irritants like pollution and dust
17
Q
Respiratory Epithelium and how it changes?
A
18
Q
Type I and Type II cells
A
- I: alveolar epithelial cell: squamous, thin and delicate
- 2: surfactant cell
19
Q
Type II Alveolar Cells - secrete? which does?
A
- secretes surfactant
- lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
- prevents alveolar walls from sticking together and collapsing
20
Q
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A
- in children born prematurely
- Type II albeolar cells not yet active - lack surfactant
- alveioli fail to inflate properly
- insufficient oxgenation of blood
21
Q
Alveolar Macrophage
A
- ingest debris in alveoli
- enter airways
- become trapped in mucus sheets
- carried toward pharynx by ciliary action
- expectorated or swallowed
22
Q
Blood Supply: arteries, veins, lymphatics?
A
- Pulmonary arteries: enter at hilum, travel and branch with airways - carry dexosygenated blood from heart
- Pulmonary Veins: travel in interlobular connective tissue, carry oxgenated blood to heart
- Lymphatics: travel in interlobular connective tissue
23
Q
Muscles of Inspiration: Quiet
A
- Scalenes: anchor first rib
- External intercostals: move ibs up and out
- diaphragm: contract = flat = increases volume = inspiration
24
Q
Muscles of Inspiration - Forced
A
- Sternocleidomastoid: pulls up on sternum
- pectoralis minor: pulls up on 3/4/5th ribs
25
Q
Mucscles of Exhalation: quiet vs forced
A
- quiet: elastic recoil
- forced: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles that pull down on ribs and bush in organs
26
Q
Quiet Breathing Muscles
A
- Inspiration: scalene to fix first rib
- diaphragm contrats and flattens which increases vertical diameter of thoracic cavity
- external intercostals which lifts ribs superiorly and pushes sternum anteriorly
- expiration: elastic recoil, passive process
27
Q
Forced Breathing Muscles
A
- I: sternocleidomastoid to elevate sternum
- pectoralis minor to elevate ribs 3 - 5
- E: internal intercostals
- abdominal muscles to move ribs inferiorly, and compress viscera which moves diaphragm superiorly
