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ANAT200 > endo > Flashcards

endo Flashcards

1
Q
  • All glandular tissue derived from?
  • contains specialized cells that?
A
  • embryologically derived from epithelium
  • glandular epithelium contains specialized cells that synthesize, store and secrete chemical substances
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2
Q

Exocrine vs Endocrine glands

A
  • Exocrine: release secretions into ducts that carry secretions to the body surface
  • sweat, mammary, salivary
  • Endocrine: ductless, hormones are released into bloodstream that will bind only to garget cells with receptors
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3
Q

Endocrine Glands: release secetions into? then to? then to? ex?

A
  • released into sinusoids (large, extracellular spaces)
  • sinusoids pass secretions to capillaries
  • circulatory system carries secretions to intended target site (as well as rest of body(
  • thyroid, pituitary, adrenal/suprarenal
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4
Q

Endocrine System: collection of …that? integrates? functions together with?

A
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5
Q

Neuroendocrinology: brain/hormones? similarities between nerve and gland cells?

A
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6
Q

Nervous vs Endocrine system: responses

A
  • NS: responses are highly specific and act over the short term
  • ES: responses that affect many different tissues and organs simultaneously, and act over a longer duration
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7
Q

NS vs ES: responses generated by? signals are?

A
  • NS: by neurons, signals are electrical impulses conducted along axons
  • chemical messengers conduct impulse between neurons
  • ES: hormones, signals are chemical substances released by endocrine glands
  • circulate in bloodstream throughout the body
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8
Q

What is a hormone? produced by? travels? acts on?

A
  • chemical messenger
  • produced and secreted by endocrine cell/tissue
  • travels through circulatory system to reach other tissues
  • acts upon specific target cells w/i tissue
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9
Q

Hormones: bind to? what determines response? sensitivity?

A
  • hormones bind to specific cellular receptors
  • presence/absence of receptor determines cell’s response to homrone
  • changing number of receptors changes cell’s sensitivity to the hormone
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Pituitary Gland - ant vs post aka? gland or not?

A
  • Anterior lobe = adenohypophysis
  • true gland
  • Posterior lobe = neurohypophysis
  • extensions of hypothalamus
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12
Q

Ant Pit: 7 hormones?

A
  1. Human Growth Hormone, hGH: stimulates body growth and metabolism
  2. TSH: controls thyroid gland function
  3. FSH, LH: control secretion of sex hormones, production of gametes
  4. Prolactin: milk production, sexual gratification, frowth factor
  5. Adrenocorticotropic ACTH: controls hormone secretion by adrenal cortex
  6. Melanocyte MSH: stimulates melanin secretion
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13
Q

Posterior Pit: 2 hormones?

A
  1. ADH, antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin: regulates urine concentration, regulates blood pressure
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Control of Hormone Release: ant pit? post pit?

A
  • hypothalamus secreates releasing hypophyseotropic factors that act on cells of the ant pit
  • hormones of the post pit are produced in the supraoptica dn paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus: these neurons extend inferiorly to end at the post pit, releasing oxytocin and ADH
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16
Q

Production of Thyroid Hormones - precursor? iodine? conversion? secretion?

A
  • follicle cells secrete hormone precursor thyroglobulin into follicle cavity (colloid)
  • iodine is attached to thyroglobulin in cavity
  • when stimulated by TSH, follicle cells convert thyroglobulin into T4 and T3
  • follicle cells secrete T3/4 into connective tissue between follicles
  • hormones picked up by capillaries
  • hyroid homrones regulate metabolism
17
Q

Parafollicular Cells (Thyroid) - aka? produce? function?

A
  • “next to” follicle cells - C cells - C thyrocytes
  • produce calcitonin
  • function in calicum regulation: decrease conc in body fuilds
18
Q

Calcitonin

A
19
Q

Parathyroid glands - where? secrete? function

A
  • 4 embedded in thyroid
  • parathyroid hormone, calcium regulation
20
Q

Parathyroid hormone - from where? does what?

A
  • parathyroid gland
  • increases Ca in body fluids
  • decreases Ca deposition in bone: so gets osteoclasts to break down bone
  • reduces urinary excretion of Ca
21
Q

Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands - cortex vs medulla?

A
  • cortex = outside, from epithelium
  • medulla< inside, autonomic ganglion derived from neural tissue (like post pit)
22
Q

Adrenal Cortex - 3 hormones?

A
  • mineralocorticoids: aldosterone
  • glucocorticoids: cortisol
  • androgens
23
Q

Mineralocorticoids - from where? ex? does what?

A
  • from adrenal cortex
  • aldosterone
  • increases renal absorption of Na and H2O
  • decreases renal abosrption of K
24
Q

Glucocorticoids - from where? ex? does what?

A
  • from adrenal cortex, cortisol
  • stimulates protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
  • anti inflammatory
25
Q

Androgens - from where? does what?

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • stimulates frowth of axillary and pubic hair
  • stimulates libido
26
Q

Epi and Norepi - from where? does what?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • aka adrenaline, noradrenaline (also neuroT)
  • flight or fight response
  • increase cardia output, blood pressure
  • increase blood glucose for energy
  • effect release of lipds from adipose tissue
27
Q

Pancreas - two types of glands? 3 cell types and secretions?

A
  • mostly exocrine, some endocrine islets
  • alpha for glucagon
  • beta for insulin, most abundant
  • delta for somatostatin
28
Q

Glucagon - from? does what?

A
  • pancreas
  • stimulates glucose synthesis
  • elevates blood glucose
  • mobilizes lipid reserves
29
Q

Insulin - from ? does what?

A
  • pancreas
  • stimulates lipi and glycogen synthesis and storage
  • stimulates glucose uptake by cells
  • decreaes blood glucose levels
30
Q

Somatostatin - from? what?

A
  • pancreas: like a switch
  • inhibits production and secretion of both glucagon and insulin
31
Q

Diabetes Mellitus - inability to ? 2 signs? result in ? two types %?

A
  • inability to produce or use insulin
  • elevation of blood glucose levels aka hyperglycemia, excretion of glucose in urine
  • results in cardiovasular problems, vision problems
  • type I - 10%
  • type II - 90%
32
Q

Type I - what? insulin levels/dependency? age?

A
  • autoimmune disease that destroys insulin secreting cells of islets
  • marked reduction of insulin levels
  • insulin dependent diabetes
  • any age, but more common 5 - 20
33
Q

Type II - combination of? what’s wrong? insulin dependency? correlation with? management?

A
  • combination of insulin resistance and insulin secretory defects
  • target cells become less sensitive to insulin: can’t use the insulin you make because of resistance - downregulation of receptors
  • non-insulin dependent diabetes
  • correlates with age and obesity
  • diet, exercise, weight loss
34
Q

Pineal Gland - role? secretion?

A
  • unclear physiological role
  • secretes melatonin: regulates biological clock
  • increases during night, decreases during day
  • sleep wake cycle - cicadian rhythm
35
Q

Thymus - where? function?

A
  • mediastium, just posterior to sternum
  • produces T-lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity
  • secretes thymic hormones: promote proliferation and maturation of T-lymphoctes
36
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract hormones

A
  • over 20 different hormones
  • regulate activity of GI tract and digestive glands
  • most act locally
37
Q

Kidney hormones

A
  • erythropoeitin: increases RBC production
  • renin: increases blood pressure
38
Q

Heart hormones

A
  • atrial natriuretic peptide: made in wall of atria, counteracts renin
  • decreases blood pressure by suppresing ADH, aldosterone so stimulates water/salt loss at kidneys
39
Q

Adipose Tissue hormone

A
  • leptins
  • appetite suppressant

ANAT200 (15 decks)

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