Resp Flashcards
What are the risk factors for DVT?
Virchow Triad: Stasis, endothelial injury, and hyper coagulability
What is the criteria for exudative effusion?
Pleural/serum protein > 0.5
Pleural/serum LDH > 0.6
What are the causes of exudative effusion?
Think of leaky capillaries.
Malignancy, TB, bacterial or viral infection, pulmonary embolism (PE) with infarct, and pancreatitis.
What are the causes of transudative effusion?
Think of intact capillaries.
CHF, liver or kidney disease, and protein-losing enteropathy.
Normalizing PCO2 in a patients having an asthma exacerbation may indicate ___.
Fatigue and impending respiratory failure.
What is the treatment for acute asthma and COPD exacerbations?
B2 agonists and corticosteroids for both
Add in anticholinergics and antibiotics for COPD exacerbation
What presents with dyspnea, lateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest radiograph, noncaseating granulomas, increased ACE, and hypercalcemia?
Sarcoidosis
PFT:
low FEV1/FVC
PFT of obstructive pulmonary disease
PFT:
High PEV1/FVC; low TLC
PFT of restrictive pulmonary disease
What presents as a honeycomb pattern on chest radiograph?
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
What is the treatment for diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?
Supportive care
Antifibrotic agents may help
What is the treatment for SVC syndrome
Radiation
What is the treatment for mild persistent asthma
Inhaled B-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids
What is the treatment for COPD exacerbation?
O2, bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids with taper, smoking cessation
What is the treatment for chronic COPD?
Smoking cessation, home O2, B-agonists, systemic or inhaled corticosteroids, flu and pneumococcal vaccines
What acid-base disorder do you get in COPD?
Respiratory alkalosis with hypoxia and hypocarbia
What non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with hypercalcemia?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
What lung cancer is associated with SIADH?
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
What lung cancer is associated with Lambert Eaton syndrome?
SCLC
What lung cancers are highly related to cigarette exposure?
SCLC, SCC
A tall Caucasian man presents with shortness of breath. What is the dx/ treatment?
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Spontaneous regressions; supplemental O2 may be helpful
What is the treatment of tension pneumothorax?
Immediate needle thoracotomy (over diagnostic)
What characteristics favour carcinoma in an isolate pulmonary nodule?
1) Age > 45-50
2) Tobacco use
3) Lesions new or larger in comparison to old films
4) Absence of calcification or irregular calcification
5) Size > 2cm
6) Irregular margins
What condition presents with hypoxemia and pulmonary edema, with normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)?
ARDS
What condition presents with pulmonary fibrosis, pleural plaques, bronchogenic carcinoma (mass in lung field), mesothelioma (pleural mass)?
Sequelae of asbestos exposure
A patient has an increased risk of ___ infection with silicosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What are the causes of hypoxemia?
1) Right to left shunt
2) Hypoventilation
3) Low inspired O2 tension
4) Diffusion defect
5) V/Q mismatch
What are the classic chest radiographic findings for pulmonary edema?
1) Cardiomegaly
2) Prominent pulmonary vessels
3) Kerley B lines
4) “Bat’s wing” appearance of hilar shadows
5) Perivascular and peribronchial cuffing
What are the chest radiographic findings suggestive of PE?
1) Westermark sign
2) Hampton hump
