Resp Flashcards
What constitutes the conduction airways?
Trachea to terminal bronchioles
What constitutes the resp zone
.
Resp bronchioles to alveolar sacs
What does the larynx become at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage?
Trachea
What are the roles of the conchae?
Slows airflow
Increase SA over which air passes
What is the epithelium in nasal cavity? What does it do?
Pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium
Filters-cilia
Humidifies-watery secretions
Warms-rich blood supply
Where do the contents of the nasal cavity drain into?
Paranassl sinuses
Nasolacrimal duct
Indicate on your face where the frontal, ethnoidal, sphenoidal and macillary sinuses are.
On face
Where does the pharynx extend from, to?
Base if skull to C6
Name the tube that transmits an URTI to the middle ear. Why is it more likely in children?
Eustachian
Tube is shorter and more horizontal so easier to travel to middle ear
Name three things that cause airway obstruction?
Oedema
Foreign body aspiration
Tumour
Anaphylactic reaction
What can damage to the left RLN indicate besides hoarseness of voice and airway injury?
Lung cancer and intrathoracic problems
where do ribs 1-7, 8-10 and 11-12 articulate?
1-7-sternum
8-10-costal cartilages
11-12-floating ribs (posteriorly with vertebral column via costovertebral joints)
where do the intercostal vessels and nerves run with regards to the rib?
in the costal groove on the shaft
what type of joint is the costovertebral joint?
synovial
what 2 joints of the ribs assist respiration?
- head of rib attached to corresponding vertebra
- costotransverse joint-articular facet on tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process
which ribs are atypical?
1,2,10,11,12
what are the 3 main features of the first rib?
- broadest,shortest and most sharply curved rib
- has scalene tubercle which separates grooves for subclavian vein and artery
what does the rough area on the second rib correspond to?
tuberosity for serratus anterior
are external intercostal muscles involved in inspiration or expiration? what direction do the fibres run?
inspiration
downwards and anteriorly
what muscles are involved in forced expiration?
internal and innermost intercostals
In what direction do the internal and innermost intercostal muscles run?
internal-downards and posteriorly
innermost-downwards
what nerve supplies the intercostal muscles
intercostal nerves
what is the main muscle of inspiration?
diaphragm
what are the 3 openings of the diaphragm and what vertebral level?
- vena cava-T8
- oesophagus-T10
- Aortic hiatus-T12
what is the nerve supply of the diaphragm and name the root values?
c3,4,5 phrenic nerve
in what order do the bundle of intercostal vessels run from superior to inferior? Where in relation to the ribs do they lie?
vein, artery, nerve
lower border of rib
where shouls a pleural aspiration be carried out and why?
upper border of rib to avoid intercostal vessels
what do the 12 intercostal nerves supply?
intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and overlying skin in corrsponding space
name the 2 veins the 2 anterior intercostal veins drain into.
internal thoracic—>subclavian
name the 2 veins the right posterior intercostal veins drain into.
azygous—>SVC
name the 2 veins the left posterior intercostal veins drain into.
hemiazygous–>SVC
What is the blood supply and innervation of the pleura?
intercostal and internal thoracic arteries and veins
Intercostal and phrenic nerves
what are the 2 functions of the pleural cavity?
provides frictionless movement
provides cohesion that keeps lung surface in cotact with thoracic wall
where does the trachea begin and end?
begins at lower border of cricoid cartilage in neck
ends by dividing into left and right main bronchi at level of sternal angle
what epithelia is found in trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated
what holds the trachea open?
c shaped cartilage rings and trachealis muscle
what is the carina?
angle between right and left main bronchi
why do things get stuck in the right main bronchus more than elft?
more vertical, short and wide
what muscles assists in quiet inspiration?
external intercostal and diaphragm
what muscles assists in quiet expiration?
none! its elastic recoil of the lungs
Is inspiration a passive or active process?
active
In what three states does quiet breathing take more effort, apart from effort required to stretch the lungs?
- diaphragm cannot easily move into abdomen
e. g. pregnancy, obesity, corsets/back injury
why is quiet expiration passive?
elastic recoil of the lungs
what muscles assists in active/forced inspiration?
external intercostal,diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, serratus anterior and pec major
what muscles assists in active/forced expiration?
internal intercostal, abdominal muscles
what is the important protein in surfactant?
surfactant protein A
what is surfactant produced by?
type 2 alveolar pneumocytes
what is Laplaces law?
pressure=(2 x surface tension)/ radius
what 2 things does surfactant do in the lungs and what does it prevent?
- reduces surface tension in alveoli
- increase compliance
- stops alveoli collapsing in on each other and joining together
what is RDS in babies and what does it mean for the lungs?
too little surfactant produced
lungs very stiff and few large alveoli
