Infection And Immunity Flashcards
Name the 3 modes of horizontal transmission.
contact
Inhalation
Ingestion
What is vertical transmission?
Mother to child at or before birth
Define infection
Invasion by host tissue by microorganism causing disease by microbial multiplication, toxin release and triggering an immune response
Define microbiota
Normal site for microorganisms (commensals)
Define microbiom
The microorganism and the environment
What are the five steps that lead to infection?
Exposure Adherence Invasion Multiplication Dissemination
Name the factors of the pathogen (3) and person (2) that determines disease.
Pathogen:
Virulence factor
Inoculum size
Antimicrobial resistance
Person:
Site of infection
Co morbidities
Name the 5 supportive investigations done to check for infection.
FBC CRP LFT, KFT Imaging Histopathology
Name 3 DNA viruses.
Hep B
Herpes
Adenovirus
Name 3 RNA viruses.
HIV
Norovirus
Influenza
Name 3 gram positive cocci
Staph aureus
Strep viridans
Strep pneumoniae
Name three gram negative cocci
Neissera meningitidis
Neissera gonorrhoea
Moraxella cattarrhalis
Name three gram positive bacilli.
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Mycobacterium TB
C diff
Name three gram negative bacilli.
E. coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Salmonella typhi Influenza H. Pylori Pseudomonas arigonosus
And the yeast that causes thrush
Candida albicans
Name the parasite that causes malaria
Plasmodium falciparum
Name four ideal features of an antimicrobial.
Selective toxicity
Few adverse side effect
Reach site of infection
Oral and IV formulation
Give an example of a beta lactam and its effect on cell wall synthesis.
Penicillin-blocks action of penicillin binding protein, preventing cross linking in cell wall synthesis…leads to osmotic instability
Giv an example of a glycopeptide and its effect on cell wall synthesis.
Vancomycin-stops penicillin binding protein from binding in the first place (in comparison to penicillin)
Name three antibacterials that affect protein synthesis.
Tetracycline (class)
Erythromycin
Gentamicin
Name two antibacterials that affect nucleic acid synthesis.
Rifampicin
Ciprofloxacin
Name four ways resistance to antibacterials may develop.
Drug inactivating enzymes (e.g. Beta lactamases)
Altered target
Altered uptake
Mutation and horizontal gene transfer
What are the three steps of horizontal gene transfer?
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
What type of bacteria is penicillin active against? (Specific bacteria and +-)
Strep (gram +ve)
Give the names of the two bacteria flucloxicillin is active against?
Staph and strep
Give an example of a beta lactamase inhibitor
Co amoxiclav
Does co amoxiclav fight gram negative or positive bacteria?
Hahahah trick! It’s BOTH
When would a cephalosporin be used, but what are the concerns? Give a named example
CSF in meningitis
Concerns over c diff being introduced
Ceftriaxone
Give a named example of an antibacterial beta lactam that can be used in place of penicillin for a person with penicillin allergy.
What part of bacteria does it target?
Meropenem
Cell wall synthesis
Is vancomycin effective on most gram positives or negatives? What part of bacteria does it target?
Positive
Cell wall synthesis
Name two tetracyclines that can be used on someone with a penicillin allergy and do they target gram positive or negative bacteria? What part of bacteria do they target?
Doxycycline and tetracycline
Gram positive
Protein synthesis
Which aminoglycoside is reserved for use in severe gram negative sepsis and what part of the bacteria does it target?
Gentamicin
Protein synthesis
Give an example of a macrolide that is an alternative for penicillin on mild gram positive infections and what part of bacteria it targets.
Erythromycin
Protein synthesis
Give an example if a quinolone that is active against gram negative bacteria and how it does this.
Ciprofloxacin
Nucleic acid synthesis
What treats fungus candida? How does it target the fungus?
Fluconazole
Inhibit cell membrane synthesis
What antifungul treats topical candida?
Nyastin
Which antiviral treats herpes simplex and chickenpox
Aciclovir
What antiviral treats influenza?
Aseltamivir
Name the agent that is active against anaerobic bacteria and Protozoa?
Metronidazole
