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ESA 3-munee And Sophie > Infection And Immunity > Flashcards

Infection And Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 modes of horizontal transmission.

A

contact
Inhalation
Ingestion

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2
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Mother to child at or before birth

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3
Q

Define infection

A

Invasion by host tissue by microorganism causing disease by microbial multiplication, toxin release and triggering an immune response

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4
Q

Define microbiota

A

Normal site for microorganisms (commensals)

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5
Q

Define microbiom

A

The microorganism and the environment

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6
Q

What are the five steps that lead to infection?

A 
Exposure
Adherence
Invasion
Multiplication
Dissemination
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7
Q

Name the factors of the pathogen (3) and person (2) that determines disease.

A

Pathogen:
Virulence factor
Inoculum size
Antimicrobial resistance

Person:
Site of infection
Co morbidities

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8
Q

Name the 5 supportive investigations done to check for infection.

A 
FBC 
CRP
LFT, KFT
Imaging
Histopathology
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9
Q

Name 3 DNA viruses.

A

Hep B
Herpes
Adenovirus

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10
Q

Name 3 RNA viruses.

A

HIV
Norovirus
Influenza

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11
Q

Name 3 gram positive cocci

A

Staph aureus
Strep viridans
Strep pneumoniae

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12
Q

Name three gram negative cocci

A

Neissera meningitidis
Neissera gonorrhoea
Moraxella cattarrhalis

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13
Q

Name three gram positive bacilli.

A

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Mycobacterium TB
C diff

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14
Q

Name three gram negative bacilli.

A 
E. coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae 
Salmonella typhi 
Influenza
H. Pylori
Pseudomonas arigonosus
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15
Q

And the yeast that causes thrush

A

Candida albicans

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16
Q

Name the parasite that causes malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum

17
Q

Name four ideal features of an antimicrobial.

A

Selective toxicity
Few adverse side effect
Reach site of infection
Oral and IV formulation

18
Q

Give an example of a beta lactam and its effect on cell wall synthesis.

A

Penicillin-blocks action of penicillin binding protein, preventing cross linking in cell wall synthesis…leads to osmotic instability

19
Q

Giv an example of a glycopeptide and its effect on cell wall synthesis.

A

Vancomycin-stops penicillin binding protein from binding in the first place (in comparison to penicillin)

20
Q

Name three antibacterials that affect protein synthesis.

A

Tetracycline (class)
Erythromycin
Gentamicin

21
Q

Name two antibacterials that affect nucleic acid synthesis.

A

Rifampicin

Ciprofloxacin

22
Q

Name four ways resistance to antibacterials may develop.

A

Drug inactivating enzymes (e.g. Beta lactamases)
Altered target
Altered uptake
Mutation and horizontal gene transfer

23
Q

What are the three steps of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

24
Q

What type of bacteria is penicillin active against? (Specific bacteria and +-)

A

Strep (gram +ve)

25
Q

Give the names of the two bacteria flucloxicillin is active against?

A

Staph and strep

26
Q

Give an example of a beta lactamase inhibitor

A

Co amoxiclav

27
Q

Does co amoxiclav fight gram negative or positive bacteria?

A

Hahahah trick! It’s BOTH

28
Q

When would a cephalosporin be used, but what are the concerns? Give a named example

A

CSF in meningitis
Concerns over c diff being introduced
Ceftriaxone

29
Q

Give a named example of an antibacterial beta lactam that can be used in place of penicillin for a person with penicillin allergy.
What part of bacteria does it target?

A

Meropenem

Cell wall synthesis

30
Q

Is vancomycin effective on most gram positives or negatives? What part of bacteria does it target?

A

Positive

Cell wall synthesis

31
Q

Name two tetracyclines that can be used on someone with a penicillin allergy and do they target gram positive or negative bacteria? What part of bacteria do they target?

A

Doxycycline and tetracycline
Gram positive
Protein synthesis

32
Q

Which aminoglycoside is reserved for use in severe gram negative sepsis and what part of the bacteria does it target?

A

Gentamicin

Protein synthesis

33
Q

Give an example of a macrolide that is an alternative for penicillin on mild gram positive infections and what part of bacteria it targets.

A

Erythromycin

Protein synthesis

34
Q

Give an example if a quinolone that is active against gram negative bacteria and how it does this.

A

Ciprofloxacin

Nucleic acid synthesis

35
Q

What treats fungus candida? How does it target the fungus?

A

Fluconazole

Inhibit cell membrane synthesis

36
Q

What antifungul treats topical candida?

A

Nyastin

37
Q

Which antiviral treats herpes simplex and chickenpox

A

Aciclovir

38
Q

What antiviral treats influenza?

A

Aseltamivir

39
Q

Name the agent that is active against anaerobic bacteria and Protozoa?

A

Metronidazole

ESA 3-munee And Sophie (4 decks)

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