Resp Flashcards
What nervous system governs the intrinsic tone of the airways?
Parasympathetic (autonomic)
What neurotransmitter is involved in parasympathetic innervation of the airways?
Acetylcholine
What nervous system constricts the airways and what neurotransmitter is used?
Parasympathetic and acetylcholine
What nervous system has an indirect influence on the airways?
Sympathetic?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the airways?
Dilation
How does the sympathetic NS effect the airways?
Stimulates medulla of adrenal gland to release adrenaline (epinephrine) which travels via the blood to the airways
What are the types of cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
What are the types of adrenergic receptors?
Alpha and Beta
In the airways what receptor does acetylcholine bind to?
M3
In the airways what receptor does noradrenaline bind to?
Beta-2
What effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the airways?
Constriction
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Forced exhaled volume after normal breath out
At what level does do the lungs cross the mid-clavicular line?
6th rib
At what level do the lungs cross the mid-axillary line?
8th rib
At what levels is there lateral displacement of the left lung due to the heart?
Ribs 4-6
At 5cm from the midline posteriorly, what level is the lung as?
10th rib
What is the purpose of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi?
Trachea above 1st rib - Stop airway collapse in inspiration. Below 1st rib - Stop collapse in forced expiration
Do the cartilages of trachea and bronchi have muscles and if so why?
Yes to alter their diameter
In which bronchi is an inhaled peanut likely to end up and why?
Right as its a straighter path
If you are asked to listen to the upper lobe of a patients lung where would you put the stethoscope?
Anteriorly upper chest wall. Above oblique fissure
If you are asked to listen to the right middle lobe of a patients lung where would you put the stethoscope?
5th intercostal space. Right of sternum
How far does the lung project above the clavicle?
2 fingers above medial clavicle
Name abdominal organs the lungs overlap
Liver, spleen, upper poles of kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach
How do you distinguish pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins and bronchi at the hilum of lung
Bronchus has cartilage. Pulmonary artery is thicker walled and usually superior. Pulmonary vein is thinner walled and usually inferior
Name 3 structures other than arteries, veins and bronchi at the hilum of lung
Bronchial artery, lymphatics and sympathetic nerves
What are the contents of the intercostal space?
Intercostal artery, vein and nevre
What are the different parts of a rib?
Head, neck, tubercle and shaft
What connects the ribs to each other?
Intercostal muscles
To which bones do the ribs articulate with at the back?
Thoracic vertebrae
Which vertebrae lie in the same horizontal plane as the sternal angle?
T4
Which rib articulates at the sternal angle?
2nd
Do bronchioles have cartilage?
No
How does expiration take place?
Passive elastic recoil
What are the surface markings of the apex of the lung?
2 fingers / 3cm above medial clavicle
What are the surface markings of the lower border of the lung?
Anteriorly 6th rib, mid-axillary 8th rib and posteriorly 10th rib
What are the surface markings of the lower border of the pleural cavity?
Anteriorly 8th rib, mid-axillary 10th rib and posteriorly 12th rib
What are the surface markings of the oblique fissure?
Along 5th rib (4th @ back and 6th @ front)
What are the surface marking of the horizontal fissure?
4th rib
