Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Resp > Flashcards

Resp Flashcards

1
Q

Type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Hypoxia associated with hyperventilation and low CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Hypoxia associated with hypoventilation, thus reduced clearance of CO2.
Acute states- respiratory acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bronchiectasis Definition?

A

permanent irreversible dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aetiology of bronchiectasis?

A

Obstruction with severe infection or severe infection alone e.g. whooping cough
Genetics (CF, Kartagener’s syndrome)
Immunodeficiency (hypogammaglobulinemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinical features of bronchiectasis?

A

Chronic cough
Purulent sputum, sometimes blood
Finger clubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What part of the lung is most affected by bronchiectasis?

A

Lower lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Manifestation of Cystic Fibrosis?

A 
meconium ileus
recurrent and frequent infections w/ pseudomonas
Bronchiectasis
chronic pancreatitis
malabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Prenatal screening

Measure chloride conc. in sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Obstructive Airways on PFTs?

A

Dec. FEV1
Normal or Dec. FVC
Dec. FEV1/FVC ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In what percentage of COPD is smoking implicated?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do ‘blue bloater’ and ‘pink puffer’ indicate?

A

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chronic Bronchitis Definition?

A

persistent productive cough on most days for a minimum of 3 months of the year for no less than 2 consecutive years, which can’t be contriubted to any other cardiac or respiratory cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Emphysema Definition?

A

abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, due to destruction of their walls and with minimal fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chronic Bronchitis Pathology?

A

Irritants (most commonly cigarette smoking) cause:
Hypersecretion of mucous
Inflammation and fibrosis -> obstruction
Squamous metaplasia/dysplasia/SCC can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The most common form of emphysema?

A

Centri-acinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The most common form of emphysema?

A

Centri-acinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does centri-acinar emphysema occur?

A

Upper lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is centri-acinar emphysema associated with?

A

Smoking, coal dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is pan-acinar emphysema associated with?

A

Alpha 1 Antitrypsin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does pan-acinar emphysema usually affect?

A

Lower lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of bronchial asthma?

A

Atopic (most common)
Non-atopic
Drug-induced asthma (aspirin)
Occupational asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes atopic asthma?

A

Type 1 IgE mediated Hypersensitivity reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes non-atopic asthma?

A

No evidence of allergens

Viral causes/inhaled air pollutants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What drug can induce asthma?

A

Aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?

A

proximal bronchiectasis seen in patients with asthma

inhalation of aspergillus spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is obliterative bronchiolitis?

A

rare

lumen of small bronchioles become obliterated by fibrous tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What causes obliterative bronchiolitis?

A

CT disease, IBD, Transplant (Graft vs. Host Disease, Chronic lung allograft rejection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Causes of Pulmonary Embolism?

A

Thromboembolism!!!!!

Tissue embolism, tumour embolism, foreign body embolism, fat embolism, amniotic fluid, air/gas (Caisson’s disease-bends)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Virchow’s Triad?

A

Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Risk for PEs?

A

heart disease, increased age, bed rest & immobility, OCP, tissue injury, late pregnancy, previous PE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?

A

dyspnoea, fever, haemoptysis, cough, signs of pleuritis, rales, tachycardia
often can be silent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pulmonary Oedema definition?

A

accumulation of fluid within the interstitium and alveolar airspaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pulmonary Oedema presentation?

A

Dyspnoea, orthopnoea, cough, fine crackles on auscultation

33
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension Definition?

A

elevated pulmonary arterial pressure

34
Q

Causes of pulmonary HTN?

A

primary/idiopathic- minority
secondary- decrease in cross-sectional area of pulmonary vascular bed (emphysema
secondary- increased vascular blood flow (mitral stenosis, LVF)

35
Q

Pulmonary HTN clinical features?

A

intense fatigue, dyspnoea, cor pulmonale/ RHF, pulmonary artery atheroma

36
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

mass of tissue formed of components normally present in adult lung

37
Q

What is the peak age for lung carcinomas?

A

65-75 years

38
Q

Symptoms of lung cancers?

A

asymptomatic
cough, weight loss, dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, antibiotic resistant pneumonia, bronchiectasis, lung abscess
paraneoplastic syndrome

39
Q

Spread of lung cancer?

A

Local invasion- hoarseness, dysphagia, obstruction of SVC, Horner’s syndrome
Lymphatic- SVC obstruction
Distant spread- everywhere, bone, brain and liver most common

40
Q

Histology of Lung Carcinomas?

A

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Non-small cell Lung Carcinoma (SCC, adenocarcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma)

41
Q

Which lung carcinoma has the worst prognosis?

A

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

42
Q

What part of the lungs does SCLC occur in?

A

central lobes and peri-bronchial

43
Q

Defining features of SCC?

A

production of keratin

destruction of intercellular bridges

44
Q

What are carcinoid tumours?

A

group of neuroendocrine neoplasms

45
Q

What gene mutations are involved with lung cancers?

A

EGFR, KRAS, ALK

46
Q

Which mutation commonly occurs in smokers?

A

KRAS mutation

47
Q

What is a drug used to treat lung carcinomas?

A

Pembrolizumab

48
Q

What are pleural effusions like to percuss?

A

Dull

49
Q

What are pneumothoraxes like to percuss?

A

Hyper-resonant

50
Q

When is pleurisy pain worse?

A

On breathing

51
Q

What is malignant mesothelioma strongly associated with?

A

Asbestos exposure

52
Q

What neoplasm is strongly associated with asbestos exposure?

A

Malignant mesothelioma

53
Q

What is the prognosis for malignant mesothelioma?

A

Very poor, usually dead within 2 years

54
Q

What is Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

A

clinical term for presence of diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membranes
fatal in 40% of cases

55
Q

How does ARDS present?

A

acute respiratory distress, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, arterial hypoxaemia

56
Q

What are pneumoconiosis?

A

a group of lung diseases caused by inhalation of dusts

57
Q

Examples of extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

farmer’s lung, pigeon breeder’s lung, air conditioner lung

58
Q

What is sarcoidosis distinguished by?

A

non-caseating granulomas

59
Q

Where does a SCC usually occur?

A

arising at the centre of the lung

60
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

an inflammatory condition affecting the lung parenchyma which is usually caused by an infective agent

61
Q

Classifications of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, non-infective special pneumonia

62
Q

Most common bacterial cause of pneumonia?

A

Strep. pneumoniae

63
Q

Treatment for community-acquired pneumonia? (strep. pneumoniae)

A

Amoxicillin

If v severe- +erythromycin or clarithromycin

64
Q

Treatment for pneumonia (Mycoplasma, Coxiella, chlamydia, legionella)?

A

erythromycin/ tetracycline

65
Q

Treatment for pneumonia (staph aureus)?

A

Flucloxallin

If MRSA- vancomycin

65
Q

Treatment for pneumonia (staph aureus)?

A

Flucloxallin

If MRSA- vancomycin

66
Q

Treatment for pneumonia (pseudomonas aeruginosa)?

A

aminoglycoside + beta lactam

67
Q

What is Legionnaire’s Disease?

A

acute pneumatic illness

fever, chills, cough, confusion, chest pain, arthralgia, malaise, nausea, vomiting

68
Q

What causes Legionnaire’s Disease?

A

Legionella Pneumophilia

69
Q

What percentage of Legionnaire’s disease is fatal?

A

5-20%

70
Q

What common fungus infects the lungs of patients with AIDS?

A

Pneumocystis Jiroveci

71
Q

What distinguishing feature appears in cytomegalovirus?

A

Owl-eyes

72
Q

What is the leading cause of death in AIDS patients?

A

TB

73
Q

What is seen in TB?

A

Caseating granulomatous tissue

74
Q

When does primary TB usually occur?

A

In childhood

usually asymptomatic

75
Q

What part of the lungs does primary TB affect?

A

Ghon complex in the midzone

76
Q

What part of the lungs does secondary TB affect?

A

upper lobes, upper part of lower lobes

77
Q

What can aspiration of gastric contents cause?

A

Lung abscess

78
Q

What can distal acinar emphysema cause?

A

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions