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Pathology > Male GUS > Flashcards

Male GUS Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the prostate?

A

Conduit for urine

Nutritional secretions to sperm to form semen

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2
Q

What is Prostate Specific Antigen and what does it do?

A

a glycoprotein that liquifies semen

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3
Q

Normal weight of the prostate?

A

Around 20-30g

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4
Q

What does the inner zone/ transition zone of the prostate usually give rise to?

A

Benign Prostate hyperplasia

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5
Q

What part of the prostate does BPH usually arise in?

A

Inner/transition zone

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6
Q

What does the outer/peripheral zone of the prostate usually give rise to?

A

Prostate Cancer

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7
Q

Where does prostate cancer usually occur?

A

In the outer/peripheral zone

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8
Q

Effects of BPH?

A

LUTS, residual urine in bladder, hypertrophy and trabeculation of bladder, bilateral hydroureter/hydronephrosis, UTIs

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9
Q

Clinical features of prostatitis?

A

fever, chills, dysuria

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10
Q

Micro-organisms that cause prostatitis?

A

E coli, enterococci and staph

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11
Q

Two types of chronic prostatitis?

A

Bacterial (often history of recurrent UTIs)

Abacterial (C. trachomatatis, ureaplasma and mycoplasma hominis)

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12
Q

Causes of granulomatous prostatitis?

A

duct rupture (non-specific)
Systemic TB
Post-BCG treatment for bladder cancer

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13
Q

What can granulomatous prostatitis cause?

A

Elevation of PSA

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14
Q

What ethnicity have the highest percentage of prostate cancer?

A

African-Americans

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15
Q

Implicated genes in prostate cancer?

A

BRCA2, ELAC2

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16
Q

What percentage of patients die from prostate cancer?

A

3%

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17
Q

What percentage of men get prostate cancer in USA?

A

20%

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18
Q

What score is used to grade prostate cancer?

A

Gleason scoring (most prevalent pattern + secondary pattern)

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19
Q

Microscopy of Prostate Cancer?

A

Loss of basal cell layer
Large nuclei
Infiltrative growth pattern

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20
Q

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer?

A

Incidental finding on TURP
Raised serum PSA (non-specific)
Abnormal findings on DRE

21
Q

Why is there a high false negative finding associated with TURP?

A

Random sampling

22
Q

Where does prostate cancer spread?

A

Direct- bladder, seminal vesicles
Lymphatic- pelvic nodes, para-aortic nodes
Bone- osteosclerotic lesions (raised alk phos)
Lung and liver

23
Q

What is osteosclerotic mets to bone associated with?

A

Prostate Cancer

24
Q

Treatment of prostate cancer?

A

Localised- radical prostatectomy, irradiation, monitoring of PSA
Mets- incurable, hormonal manipulation

25
Q

What is Balanitis xerotica obliterans? (BXO)

A

chronic and atrophic condition involving genital and perianal skin, presents with phimosis

26
Q

What can BXO lead to?

A

urethral stricture

27
Q

What is penile condylomata?

A

viral warts

28
Q

What causes penile condylomata?

A

HPV 6 & 11

association with HIV

29
Q

What is penile intraepithelial neoplasia?

A

precursor lesion to invasive SCC

30
Q

2 forms of penile intraepithelial neoplasms?

A

Differentiated

Undifferentiated (HPV associated, 16 and 18)

31
Q

What is the risk of penile intraepithelial neoplasia developing into SCC?

A

30%

32
Q

What is the most common form of penile cancer?

A

SCC

rare disease overall

33
Q

What is penile SCC associated with?

A

poor hygiene
sexual habits (HPV)
phimosis

34
Q

Types of testicular hydrocele?

A

primary (idiopathic)
secondary (trauma, infection, neoplasm)
congenital (patent processus vaginalis)

35
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

twisting of the spermatic cord

surgical emergency

36
Q

Undescended testis causes?

A

abnormal testis
Hormonal insufficiency
mechanical obstruction

37
Q

Associations of undescended testis?

A

Infertility

Malignancy (germ cell neoplasia in situ)

38
Q

What are the majority of testicular tumours?

A

Germ cell tumours (95%)

39
Q

What is the most common Germ Cell Tumour?

A

Seminoma (50%)

40
Q

Examples of non-seminomatous germ cell tumours?

A

embryonal carcinoma
teratoma
yolk sac tumour
choriocarcinoma

41
Q

GCNIS progression?

A

50% -> invasive carcinomas within 5 years
Never spontaneously disappear
often observed at the periphery of GCTs

42
Q

What tumour is human chorionic gonadotrophin raised in?

A

Seminoma

Choriocarcinoma

43
Q

What tumour is alpha fetoprotein raised in?

A

Yolk Sac Tumour

44
Q

Average age of patients with seminoma?

A

40yrs

45
Q

What tumour occurs with seminoma or as a mixed GCT?

A

Embryonal Carcinoma

46
Q

What is the average age for embryonal carcinoma?

A

30yrs

47
Q

How does a teratoma typically occur?

A

As an aspect of a mixed GCT

48
Q

What is the most common pre-puberty testicular tumour?

A

Yolk Sac tumour

Pathology (13 decks)

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