Male GUS

Question 1

Functions of the prostate?

Answer 1

Conduit for urine

Nutritional secretions to sperm to form semen

Question 2

What is Prostate Specific Antigen and what does it do?

Answer 2

a glycoprotein that liquifies semen

Question 3

Normal weight of the prostate?

Answer 3

Around 20-30g

Question 4

What does the inner zone/ transition zone of the prostate usually give rise to?

Answer 4

Benign Prostate hyperplasia

Question 5

What part of the prostate does BPH usually arise in?

Answer 5

Inner/transition zone

Question 6

What does the outer/peripheral zone of the prostate usually give rise to?

Answer 6

Prostate Cancer

Question 7

Where does prostate cancer usually occur?

Answer 7

In the outer/peripheral zone

Question 8

Effects of BPH?

Answer 8

LUTS, residual urine in bladder, hypertrophy and trabeculation of bladder, bilateral hydroureter/hydronephrosis, UTIs

Question 9

Clinical features of prostatitis?

Answer 9

fever, chills, dysuria

Question 10

Micro-organisms that cause prostatitis?

Answer 10

E coli, enterococci and staph

Question 11

Two types of chronic prostatitis?

Answer 11

Bacterial (often history of recurrent UTIs)

Abacterial (C. trachomatatis, ureaplasma and mycoplasma hominis)

Question 12

Causes of granulomatous prostatitis?

Answer 12

duct rupture (non-specific)
Systemic TB
Post-BCG treatment for bladder cancer

Question 13

What can granulomatous prostatitis cause?

Answer 13

Elevation of PSA

Question 14

What ethnicity have the highest percentage of prostate cancer?

Answer 14

African-Americans

Question 15

Implicated genes in prostate cancer?

Answer 15

BRCA2, ELAC2

Question 16

What percentage of patients die from prostate cancer?

Answer 16

3%

Question 17

What percentage of men get prostate cancer in USA?

Answer 17

20%

Question 18

What score is used to grade prostate cancer?

Answer 18

Gleason scoring (most prevalent pattern + secondary pattern)

Question 19

Microscopy of Prostate Cancer?

Answer 19

Loss of basal cell layer
Large nuclei
Infiltrative growth pattern

Question 20

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer?

Answer 20

Incidental finding on TURP
Raised serum PSA (non-specific)
Abnormal findings on DRE

Question 21

Why is there a high false negative finding associated with TURP?

Answer 21

Random sampling

Question 22

Where does prostate cancer spread?

Answer 22

Direct- bladder, seminal vesicles
Lymphatic- pelvic nodes, para-aortic nodes
Bone- osteosclerotic lesions (raised alk phos)
Lung and liver

Question 23

What is osteosclerotic mets to bone associated with?

Answer 23

Prostate Cancer

Question 24

Treatment of prostate cancer?

Answer 24

Localised- radical prostatectomy, irradiation, monitoring of PSA
Mets- incurable, hormonal manipulation

Question 25

What is Balanitis xerotica obliterans? (BXO)

Answer 25

chronic and atrophic condition involving genital and perianal skin, presents with phimosis

Question 26

What can BXO lead to?

Answer 26

urethral stricture

Question 27

What is penile condylomata?

Answer 27

viral warts

Question 28

What causes penile condylomata?

Answer 28

HPV 6 & 11 | association with HIV

Question 29

What is penile intraepithelial neoplasia?

Answer 29

precursor lesion to invasive SCC

Question 30

2 forms of penile intraepithelial neoplasms?

Answer 30

Differentiated | Undifferentiated (HPV associated, 16 and 18)

Question 31

What is the risk of penile intraepithelial neoplasia developing into SCC?

Answer 31

30%

Question 32

What is the most common form of penile cancer?

Answer 32

SCC | rare disease overall

Question 33

What is penile SCC associated with?

Answer 33

poor hygiene sexual habits (HPV) phimosis

Question 34

Types of testicular hydrocele?

Answer 34

primary (idiopathic) secondary (trauma, infection, neoplasm) congenital (patent processus vaginalis)

Question 35

What is testicular torsion?

Answer 35

twisting of the spermatic cord | surgical emergency

Question 36

Undescended testis causes?

Answer 36

abnormal testis Hormonal insufficiency mechanical obstruction

Question 37

Associations of undescended testis?

Answer 37

Infertility | Malignancy (germ cell neoplasia in situ)

Question 38

What are the majority of testicular tumours?

Answer 38

Germ cell tumours (95%)

Question 39

What is the most common Germ Cell Tumour?

Answer 39

Seminoma (50%)

Question 40

Examples of non-seminomatous germ cell tumours?

Answer 40

embryonal carcinoma teratoma yolk sac tumour choriocarcinoma

Question 41

GCNIS progression?

Answer 41

50% -> invasive carcinomas within 5 years Never spontaneously disappear often observed at the periphery of GCTs

Question 42

What tumour is human chorionic gonadotrophin raised in?

Answer 42

Seminoma | Choriocarcinoma

Question 43

What tumour is alpha fetoprotein raised in?

Answer 43

Yolk Sac Tumour

Question 44

Average age of patients with seminoma?

Answer 44

40yrs

Question 45

What tumour occurs with seminoma or as a mixed GCT?

Answer 45

Embryonal Carcinoma

Question 46

What is the average age for embryonal carcinoma?

Answer 46

30yrs

Question 47

How does a teratoma typically occur?

Answer 47

As an aspect of a mixed GCT

Question 48

What is the most common pre-puberty testicular tumour?

Answer 48

Yolk Sac tumour