Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

1
Q

When is it preferable to examine the pre-menopausal breast?

A

In the first half of the menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens in the breast in pregnancy and lactation?

A

Inc. in no. of acini per lobule and in overall lobule size
epithelial cells differentiate- synthesis and secretion of milk
when feeding ceases, involution of differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to the breast with age?

A

involution
may happen at an uneven rate- lumps
connective tissue goes from dense to loose
inc. adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are mammograms more useful in older women?

A

Inc. adipose tissue results in more radiolucent tissue

allows detection of radio dense abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagnostic methods for breast cancer?

A

mammography, ultrasound, biopsy, screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Development abnormalities?

A

Failure to develop e.g., Turner’s syndrome
Juvenile hypertrophy
Milk line remnants (extra nipples)
Nipple inversion (congenital/acquired)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is nipple inversion concerning?

A

When it is acquired rather than congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of inflammation of the breast?

A

Infection, mammary duct ectasia, fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Significance of inflammation of the breast?

A

Can be confused with breast cancer

does not increase risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Main cause of acute mastitis?

A

Lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who is squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts associated with?

A

Smokers
Both men and women
Not associated with lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical presentation of squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts?

A

painful erythematous subareolar mass

keratin plugs and blocks ducts -> chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treatment of squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts?

A

Drainage

If recurrent, surgical removal of ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who is duct ectasia common in?

A

post-menopausal, parous women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Presentation of duct ectasia?

A

Painless peri-areolar palpable mass
duct dilation
thick nipple discharge
if fibrosis-> nipple retraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is duct ectasia associated with smoking?

A

No

in comparison to squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts which is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of fat necrosis?

A

trauma (seatbelt injury)

surgery (implants, biopsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Presentation of fat necrosis?

A

Painless palpable mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who is fat necrosis more common in?

A

Obese, post-menopausal women (more adipose tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is seen histologically in fat necrosis?

A

necrosis, inflammation, macrophages, giant cells, fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of benign epithelial lesions?

A

Non-proliferating breast changes
Proliferating breast changes without atypia
Proliferating breast changes with atypia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-proliferating breast changes?

A

Fibrosis
Cystic change
Adenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Proliferative breast disease without atypia?

A

Epithelial hyperplasia
Sclerosing Adenosis
Complex sclerosing lesion
Papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

80% of papillomas produce what?

A

Nipple discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Complex sclerosing lesion has components of?
Epithelial hyperplasia Papilloma Sclerosing Adenosis
26
What lesion can mimic breast carcinoma grossly, mammographically and histologically?
Radial sclerosing lesion
27
Proliferative breast disease with atypia?
Atypical ductal hyperplasia Atypical lobal hyperplasia *********NOT DCIS or LCIS
28
3 main groups of breast carcinomas?
ER pos, HER2 neg (60%) HER2 pos (20%) ER neg, HER2 neg, PR neg (15%)
29
What do most HER2 receptors respond to?
Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
30
Risk factors for breast cancer?
``` Gender Age Oestrogen exposure Family history Breast itself Lifestyle (diet, obesity, smoking inc. risk, breastfeeding protects against) ```
31
What percentage of breast cancers occur in men?
1%
32
What percentages of breast cancers occur in women under 40?
5%
33
What percentage of breast cancer is hereditary and what genes are involved?
12% | BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, CHEK2
34
Main risk of sporadic breast cancer?
Oestrogen exposure
35
What is the most common form of breast cancer?
Adenocarcinoma (>95%)
36
Where do all carcinomas of the breast arrive?
In the terminal ductal lobular unit
37
Lobular vs Ductal Carcinoma?
``` Lobular = carcinoma of a specific type Ductal = all breast adenocarcinomas ```
38
DCIS detection?
15-30% of breast carcinomas in well-screened populations 50% of detected ca on mammogram (calcifications) rarely nipple discharge
39
DCIS treatment?
surgery + irradiation, tamoxifen | if untreated, about 1/3 progress to invasive ca
40
If DCIS progresses where does it go?
Usually infiltrates same breast/quadrant
41
DCIS prognosis?
Excellent, 97% survival rate
42
What happens in Paget Disease of the nipple?
Rare manifestation of breast cancer | malignant cells extend from DCIS through lactiferous sinuses without breaching the basement membrane
43
How is LCIS detected?
Incidental biopsy finding | Can not be picked up on mammogram (no calcification/densification)
44
Major histological feature of LCIS?
Loss of e-cadherin
45
Treatment of LCIS?
close follow-up chemoprevention with tamoxifen bilateral prophylactic mammectomy (less common)
46
Progression of LCIS?
1/3 progress to invasive carcinoma | can invade either breast- 2/3 the same, 1/3 the opposite
47
Invasive carcinoma symptoms?
``` palpable mass axillary lymph nodes nipple retraction blocked lymphatics mammography- radio-dense mass ```
48
Characteristics of NST carcinoma?
``` No special type = ductal 80% firm, irregular border grating sound when cut (water chestnut) chalky areas of stroma foci of calcification ```
49
Characteristics of lobar carcinomas?
10-15% | dyscohesive infiltrating cells
50
Locations of breast carcinomas?
Upper Outer Quadrant 50% Central Portion 20% Each other quadrant 10%
51
Spread of breast carcinoma?
Direct- skin, muscle Lymph- axillary and local vascular- lung, liver, brain, bone may be delay before spread
52
Fibroadenoma characteristics?
tumour of the stroma most common benign tumour in young women 'breast mouse'
53
Which tumour is characterised as a 'breast mouse'?
Fibroadenoma
54
How are Phyllode's tumours detected?
Palpable mass, mammography
55
What percentage of Phyllode's tumours mets?
10-15%
56
Tumours of the stroma?
Fibroadenoma | Phyllode's tumour
57
What are male breasts comprised of?
Nipples and ducts | no lobules
58
Causes of gynaecomastia?
``` hormonal liver cirrhosis (Dec. metabolism of oestrogen) Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) ```
59
Genes associated with male breast carcinoma?
BRCA1, BRCA2, 47 XXY
60
Lifetime risk of breast carcinoma men vs women?
0.1% | 13%
61
What is the most frequent causative organism of acute mastitis?
Staph aureus

Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions