Resources from the Sea (part 1) Flashcards
How many percent of the world’s major fisheries are located on coastal waters and over half of the catches are taken from less than 7% of the ocean surface?
95%
Richest fishing areas of the world are located in _____ just beyond the continental shelf
Upwelling areas
Richest fishing areas of the world are located in
UPWELLING areas just beyond the _
continental shelf
true or false: Primary production is higher over the shelf than farther offshore, supporting much more abundant life
True
animals that aren’t caught can continue to reproduce and replace those that are caught
Renewable resources
Enumeration
What are the goals of fisheries management?
- maintain resources by enacting policies
- setting catch limits that prevent overfishing to the point of extinction
- allow enough animals to survive and reproduce so that there will be fish and shellfish to catch in the future
Enumeration
What are the physical and biological factors that affect an organism’s growth and survival?
optimal water temperature and salinity
where and on what it feeds
where and when it reproduces
migratory patterns
separate populations
stocks
True or False: each stock is assumed not to be reproductively isolated from other stocks
False;
assumed to be reproductively isolated from other stocks
fisheries biologists monitor stocks by _
tagging or using molecular markers
fishes are caught and marked with identification tags,
usually made of plastic or metal, and then released
tagging
plastic or metal tag is placed in the fish’s fin; when the fish is caught again, the catch data and the tag are sent back to the laboratory that inserted it
tagging
catch made by fishing vessels
landings
majority of fisheries data are obtained by monitoring _, the catch made by fishing vessels
landings
takes into account the number of boats fishing, the number of fishers working, and the number of hours that they spend fishing
fishing effort
number of pounds of fish or shellfish that the stock can yield per year without being overexploited
potential yield
develop management plans that will maximize the yield over several years while not stressing the population
sustainable yield
none catch only one species of fish, and because species usually has a different optimal size, one species will be managed properly whereas another will not
net disadvantage
fish are caught faster than they reproduce and replace themselves
overfishing
can adversely affect ecosystems by changing genetic and species diversity and damaging or destroying habitat
overfishing
True or False: constant removal of the larger fish over time tends to favor the survival of smaller fish that mature at an earlier age and smaller size
True
large nets that are dragged along the bottom
trawls
can be highly effective, and their mesh size and length are often regulated for taking particular catches or for reducing by-catch
gill nets
important for capturing schooling fishes like clupeoid fishes and tuna
purse seines
The use of _ and _ is controversial due to the large, unintentional by-catch
longlines and trawls
Both the size and species of fishes caught by nets can be controlled by the _
net’s mesh size
affect the biological diversity of an area by reducing the number of species in an ecosystem
overfishing
coastal zones are also called _
exclusive economic zones
includes what areas can be fished, what fish can be caught, and the limits are all negotiated with the government of the country in whose water the operator is fishing
Coastal zones (exclusive economic zones)
areas of ocean to which a country holds exclusive fishing rights
Exclusive Economic Zones (coastal zones)
The zone generally extends out to 200 miles of the country’s coast. Other countries can fish in these zones, but only with the permission of the controlling country
Coastal Zones
consists of the noncommercial animals killed during fishing for commercial species
by catch
by catch are also called
incidental catch
noncommercial fishes that are killed during fishing for commercial species
trash fish
many fishing techniques capture large amounts of non-commercial species as well as commercial catch.
Wasteful fishing
True or False: The non-commercial species, or by-catch, is returned alive to the ocean and represent a waste of marine resources.
False;
The species are returned dead to the ocean
Drift nets are made up of sections called _
tans
produces large numbers of by catch; retrieves the net in the morning
drift nets
As much as 60 kilometers of net are set in the evening, and fish and squid get tangled as they swim into the net; the nets are retrieved in the morning, and the catch is removed and refrigerated
drift net fishing
dragged along the ocean floor; damages benthic ecosystems and produces a large by catch
Trawling
Inefficient use of the catch
sharks fin soup
use of agricultural techniques to breed and raise marine organisms
aquaculture
Salmon are raised in hatcheries like the one founf in Newfoundland Canada to supplement the commercial salmon catch
Salmon Hatcheries
juveniles of commercially valuable mollusks are collected from natural populations and attached to ropes suspended from rafts
raft culture
seaweeds are grown from spores or vegetative fragments in large tanks
algal aquaculture
seaweeds are grown from spores attached to rope nets that sway in large water tanks or from vegetative fragments that grow unattached in large rotating drums
seaweed farming (algal aquaculture)
used sewage nutrients to produce algae to feed oysterms
ecofriendly aquaculture
Anchovies are from which family?
Family Engraulidae
enumeration
What are the problems with aquaculture?
- mangrove ecosystem is destroyed to make room for the shrimp farms
- farms quickly becomes polluted from accumulated wastes
- application of antibiotics and pesticides
- overfishing to feed the cultured organisms
small, fast growing fishes that feed on the bountiful phytoplankton in upwelling areas along the coast
Anchovies
world’s largest fish catch for any single species
anchovies
True or False: As the anchovy population increases, there is some evidence that sardines may be entering their niche
False:
as anchovies population decreases, there are evidences that sardines may
includes sophisticated an expensive operation
tuna
is set in a large circle around a school of fish where the ends of the net are drawn together and puled closed much like pulling on a drawstring bag
purse seine net
If the purse seine net is employed in tuna fishing, _ are also trapped in the net and drowned
dolphins
In the technique called _, fishers allow the edge of the purse seine to go slack, allowing dolphins to escape
backing down
the largest of the tuna
atlantic bluefin tuna
is the fish of choice for making the best sushi and sashimi
bluefin tuna
Salmon is fished in the coastal waters of the
Pacific Northwest and Alaska
breed in freshwater but spend most of their adult lives in the ocean
Salmon
raise young fish and return them to the sea, where they can develop into adults and increase the size of the population
ocean ranching or sea ranching
What are the problems in salmon fishery
overfishing
habitat destruction and modernization
pollution
timber and charcoal are obtained from
mangrove
export of colorful marine tropical fishes like lionfishes, butterflyfishes, and damselfishes
aquarium trade
live coral reef fishes are also removed to be sold as _
luxury food item
Aquarium trade is most prevalent in
Philippines and Fiji
