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geography > resource security > Flashcards

resource security Flashcards

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1
Q

resource exploitation

A

the action of using natural resources to the fullest or for the most profitable use

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2
Q

resource exploration

A

the process of searching an area with the intention of finding and mapping natural resources

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3
Q

resource development

A

taking a resource and making it ready for people to use and accessible to buy

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4
Q

uneven distribution

A

the concentration of some resources in certain areas giving national governments varying levels of territorial control over these

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5
Q

resource

A

any aspect of the natural environment that can be used to meet human needs

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6
Q

resource security

A

the ability of country to maintain a reliable and sustainable flow of resources to maintain and/ or improve living standards

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7
Q

resource sustainability

A

using resources in such a way that it does not harm the resource security or environment in the future

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8
Q

resource conflict

A

disagreement over resource access and use that could move from verbal disagreement to legal disputes to violence and warfare

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9
Q

stock resources

A

non-renewable resources which can be used up/ are finite- quantity is expressed in absolute amounts e.g oil

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10
Q

flow resource

A

resources that are renewable and can be replaced e.g wind and timber -quantity is expressed usually in annual rates

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11
Q

measured reserves

A

a confident estimation of a quantity of resource in an area based on well established knowledge of grade, quality, densities and physical characteristics

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12
Q

indicated reserves

A

an estimation that has a level of confidence that makes it worthwhile to carry on evaluating the economic viability of a resource in an area

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13
Q

inferred reserves

A

quantity, grade and quality of a resource in an area that is based on limited geological sampling and so may be inaccurate

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14
Q

possible resources

A

broad geological knowledge of deposits of resources which may become worth looking for in more detail in the long term

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15
Q

resource frontier

A

a newly colonised region where resources have been discovered and are brought into production for the first time

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16
Q

resource peak

A

the point in time when the maximum production rate of a resource occurs followed by decline- at differing scales from local to regional to global

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17
Q

EIA - environmental impact assessment

A

a process of evaluating the likely environmental consequences (both beneficial and adverse) of a proposed resources project before it goes ahead- considers the socio- economic, cultural and health impacts

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18
Q

pattern of production

A

the distribution of where resources are produced- often uneven e.g there will be places that consume much of a resource and places that use none of it

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19
Q

patterns of consumption

A

the distribution of where resources are consumed/ used- often uneven e.g there will be places that consume much of a resource and places that use none of it

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20
Q

geopolitics

A

the study of international relations as influenced by geographical factors e.g physical landscape, migration history

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21
Q

mineral ores

A

a useful element that is found in a rock containing a high concentration and from which it can be extracted - often a metal e.g iron aluminium, silver

22
Q

primary energy resource

A

energy sources in their raw form e.g oil, gas, wind- not usable until converted into heat or mechanical action to produce secondary energy

23
Q

secondary energy resource

A

energy that is transformed or converted from primary energy sources into manufactured, usable sources of power e.g petrol, electricity

24
Q

nuclear waste

A

radioactive by-products of generating nuclear power- very difficult & expensive to dispose of safely

25
Q

acid rain

A

caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide (from industrial fossil fuel combustion) which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acid precipitation which is environmentally harmful

26
Q

enhanced greenhouse effect

A

the increasing release of gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by human activity which then leads to accelerated warming

27
Q

non-ferrous metal ore

A

metallic mineral which does not contain iron is simply non ferrous e.g gold, copper

28
Q

extraction schemes

A

a project which is proposed, designed and implemented to take out one component for sale from a broad area of raw materials e.g removing copper from an open cast mine

29
Q

resource supply and demand

A

the balance of resource production with consumption and which will affect the price for customers

30
Q

alternative energy

A

energy sources which are renewable and have lower carbon emission than fossil fuels eg hydropower, wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy and biofuels

31
Q

resource futures

A

forecasting ahead to estimate what resource supply, demand and trade might be over the next 100 years for water energy and mineral ores

32
Q

conventional oil and gas

A

petroleum, crude oil, raw natural gas extraction by long-standing methods e.g pipes accessing underground reservoirs

33
Q

unconventional oil and gas reserves

A

hydrocarbon reserves that are difficult to produce and so require enhanced recovery technology such as fracture stimulation e.g shale gas and tar sands

34
Q

cost-benefit analysis

A

a process by which resource decisions are analysed- the benefits of a situation are balanced with the costs associated withobtaining the resources

35
Q

energy gap

A

inequalities in access to and use of energy between groups of people and/ or countries

36
Q

water stress

A

when demand for water exceeds supply during a certain period of time or when poor quality restricts its availability for safe human use

37
Q

water drainage patterns

A

the pattern of how water makes it way from falling as rainfall to flowing into the sea, can be modified by human intervention and engineering

38
Q

catchment

A

an area of land drained by a river system- main channel and all its tributaries within a watershed line

39
Q

diversion

A

water moved from one area of surplus to an area of deficit by pumping via aqueducts, river engineering, canal links and pumps and/or pipelines

40
Q

desalination

A

the removal of salt from seawater- currently expensive, energy intensive and a source of greenhouse gas emissions because of this

41
Q

virtual water trade

A

the hidden flow of water when food or other commodities are traded from one place to another

42
Q

greywater

A

all wastewater generated in households or office buildings from streams without faecal contamination ie all waste except for the wastewater from toilets such as shower water

43
Q

energy mix

A

the proportions of different sources of energy used in an area, region, country or globally e.g %gas %nuclear %renewables

44
Q

groundwater recharge

A

the downward movement of water by infiltration and percolation causing the replenishments of groundwater- naturally by precipitation or by human intervention e.g pumping

45
Q

potable water

A

water that is suitable to drink and free from harmful pollutants and bacteria

46
Q

water abstraction

A

the removal of water from rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs or aquifers for human use

47
Q

aquifers

A

a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move- permeable and porous and include areas of rock types such as sandstone, conglomerate, fractured limestone and unconsolidated sand and gravel

48
Q

inter-basin transfer

A

water moved from a drainage basin that experiences water surplus to one where there is a shortage/ scarcity or stress

49
Q

over-abstraction

A

the rate of extraction of water is greater than the recharge rate

50
Q

tailings

A

the ore waste of mines, often toxic and are typically a mud-like material- worldwide the storage and handling of tailings is a major environmental issue

geography (7 decks)

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