global governance key terms Flashcards
what is agenda 21?
is the plan of action to achieve sustainable development that was adopted by the world leaders at the UN conference on environmental and development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992
what is aid?
to provide support or help, in different forms ranging from giving money and loans to providing technology and expertise to providing food and rescue teams
what is the Antarctic Treaty?
an agreement regulating international relations regarding the world’s only continent that does not have its own native population
what is an anti-globalisation movement?
a social movement comprised of those who are against globalisation and widespread commercial capitalism
what is a bilateral agreement?
an agreement on trade (or aid) that is negotiated between two countries or two groups of countries
what does bottom up mean?
when local people are consulted and supported in making decisions to undertake projects or developments that meet one or more of their specific needs
what does BRIC mean?
identify a group of countries- Brazil, Russia, India and China, whose economies have advanced rapidly since the 1990s
what does capital mean?
monetary wealth or other assets that can be spent or invested in a business, helping to improve the economy
what is a capital flow?
the movement of money between and within countries for investment
what is a common market?
a group formed by countries in geographical proximity in which trade barriers for goods and services are eliminated (may eventually apply to removing any labour market restrictions e.g the EU)
what is a communication system?
structures that allow for dissemination, receiving or sharing of information
what is a conflict?
a significant disagreement or argument that can often result in violence
what does conglomerates mean?
a collection of different companies or organisations which may be involved in different business activities but all report to one parent company, e.g most TNCs
what does consumption mean?
the use of products, services or resources
what is containerisation?
a system of standardised transport that uses standard-size steel boxes to transport goods, these can be transferred between ships, trains and lorries, enabling cheaper and efficient transport
what is COP21?
the paris agreement on climate change is an example of international targets, strategies and norms being agreed to help restrict global warming to no more than 2 degree above pre-industrial levels. agreements have to be ratified by each national government
what is core areas?
these are economically important and attract investment, capital and people. e.g central HIC like USA, Canada, western Europe and Japan
what is customs union?
a trade bloc which allows free trade with no barriers between its member states but imposes a common external tariff to trading partners outside the bloc, e.g EU
what is debt repayment?
the paying back of money that was borrowed
what is deindustrialisation?
the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy
what is diaspora?
a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have moved and settled in places all over the world
what is differential access?
the ability to obtain information or resources, for example, is not equal for all countries worldwide
what is distribution?
the dissemination and delivery of goods and services across the globe
what is economic interdependence?
international trade, investment and production patterns has meant the economies of many societies are now mutually reliant on societies elsewhere
what is economic leakages?
a loss of income from an economic system, usually TNC profit repatriation
what is economic well-being?
the quality of life that is enabled through the wealth and income of an individual or a family
what is economies of scale?
the cost advantages that result from the larger size, output or scale of an operation as savings are made by spreading the costs or rationalising operations
what is electronic waste?
unwanted or broken electronic goods that have been disposed of, also known as e-waste
what is environmental impact?
the effects, often negative, of human activity on the natural environment
what is environmental change?
an alteration or disturbance of the natural environment or processes
what is environmental interdependance?
the interconnectedness of all natural and human systems, which are mutually reliant on one another
what is ethical investment?
some activities would prevent individuals from investing in a company, fund or pension e.g human trafficking and forced/ child labour; pornography; arms/ munitions; meat trade; gambling…
what is fair trade?
trading partnerships, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. it contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers- especially in the South
what is financial systems?
the structures that allow for the exchange of funds between the different components involved in economic markets
what is fishing limits?
set restrictions for how many fish can be caught, and from what parts of the oceans. limits are grossly exceeded
what’s a food commodity?
a food product that is bought and sold
what does footloose mean?
can locate anywhere and with internet can serve customers worldwide
what does foreign direct investment mean?
when a company in one country makes an investment in another country; could be buying a business or factory in another country, or expanding their own business in that country
what is free trade?
allows specialisation of the production of goods so prices are lower for consumers, there is a greater choice, export markets are large and there is greater competition
what are geopolitics?
the politics or international relations that take place across the globe and are influenced by geographical factors
what is the gini coefficient?
a commonly-used measure of income inequality that condenses the entire income distribution for a country into a single number between 0 to 1: the higher the number, the greater the degree of income inequality
what are the global commons?
resources or areas of the globe that do not belong to any country and, therefore, lie outside of any state’s political sphere
what is the global economy?
the world’s financial systems and markets, involving the global exchange of goods, services and investment
what is global marketing?
the advertising of a product or service across the globe in order to improve sales by reaching the international market. e.g sony, a Japanese tech company moved their global HQ from Japan to the US in 2017 in order to have all decisions made closer to where it happens
what does global shift mean?
means an increase in proportion of global manufacturing carried out in NICs and RICs in the last 30 years, majority of this is happening in Asia
what is globalisation?
the increasing integration of economic, political, cultural and information systems across the globe, leading to an interconnected world
what is glocalisation?
combination of the words ‘globalisation’ and ‘localisation’, used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally, but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market
what are high level services?
services to businesses, e,g finance, investment or advertising
what is horizontal integration?
TNC diversified operations by expansion e.g Kraft Food Group took over Cadbury in 2010 giving them a more diverse base in the grocery and confectionary market
what are hyperglobalists?
support globalisation. they see the nation state as no longer important and view a new geographical era in which there is a single global market supported by extensive and open networks and flows of goods, information, people and finance. they accept the importance of decision-making above the level of individual states, including the EU
what is the IMF?
international monetary fund, oversees the global financial systems; monitor exchange rates
what are inequalities?
substantial and often disabling differences in wealth, opportunities, education, health
what are information systems?
network of hardware and software that allow for the collection, storing and dissemination of information
what is integration?
the coming together and intermingling of people from different ethnic, religious, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds
what are injustices?
violation or discrimination against the rights of an individual, group or community
what is an inter-governmental organisation?
an umbrella body that provides a forum for different governments to come together to achieve more together than they would individually
what’s an intergovernmental panel on climate change IPCC?
collects and assesses the best scientific, technical and socioeconomic information on climate change 188 countries
what is international investment?
placing money into businesses or financial schemes from other countries across the globe with the hope of securing a profit
what is international trade?
the exchange of goods, services, resources and capital across the globe
what is the international whaling commission IWC?
the intergovernmental body responsible for the conservation of whales and the management of whaling practises
what is the IWC whaling moratorium?
determines and enforces catch limits for commercial whaling
what is labour?
the work carried out by employees of a business, can refer to the workforce
what is the law of the sea?
a UN international agreement that outlines the responsibilities and rights of nations in respect to their use of the world’s oceans
what are linkages?
the interactions between different countries, perhaps due to trade relations
what is the lorenz curve?
the graph shows what perfect equality and perfect inequality look like. real countries have a curve that is somewhere between the two. the more the lorenz curve sags, the worse the inequality is within a country
what are low level services?
services to consumers e.g banking, travel, customer call centres and communication services
what are management systems?
structures of policies and procedures that have been created to ensure the smooth running of a business or operation
what are manufactured product flows?
the movement/ transport of goods that are made of a number of components assembled together, usually from developed to developing countries
what is Maquiladora?
a manufacturing operation (plant or factory) located in free trade zones in Mexico, they import and export with no trade barriers
what are marketing patterns?
strategies used by companies to effectively advertise a good or service to the target audience
what is Mercosur?
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1026. operates in a similar way to the E. it trades globally, particularly with the EU and North America. it allows free movement of labour between member states.
what are the millennium development goals?
eight targets set out by the UN designed to improve the lives of those in the least developed countries. now replaced by the 17 ‘sustainable goals
what are mineral resources?
the concentration of materials that are of economic interest
what is MINT?
acronym referring to the more recently emerging economies of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey
what is nationalism?
the belief held by people belonging to a particular nation that their own interests are more important than those of people from other nations
what are non-governmental organisations?
NGOs- Greenpeace and WWF are important to Antarctica. NGOs like Practical action help bottom up development - e.g micro hydro’s in Peru. amnesty international supporting a voice for all
what are norms
an acceptance of certain attitudes, practices and regulation as valid and ‘normal’ for states aspiring to a high standard of governance
what is ocean acidification?
the decrease of ocean pH due to increased levels of dissolved carbon dioxide in the water
what is outsourcing?
companies that hire third-party providers to perform the outsourced work overseas are engaging in a particular form of outsourcing known as offshoring. nearshoring is a term used for work done or services performed by people in nearby, often bordering regions and countries
what is overfishing?
exploitation of fish stocks; more fish are caught that can be replaced by the ecosystem
what is the pacific alliance?
latin american trade bloc, formed by - Chile, Columbia, Mexico and Peru, which all border the Pacific Ocean
what are patterns of production?
different stages of production process my take place in different countries. different products are also produced in different areas, e.g electronics in China, clothes in India
what are peripheral areas?
these areas are poorer and may experience exploitation, economic leakage and out migration. e.g LICs in Africa, central Asia and parts of Latin America to be the on the edge
what is political interdependence?
the political systems if some countries have become reliant on the stability of political systems elsewhere in the world
what is pristine environment?
wilderness untouched by humankind- perhaps Antarctica
what is production?
is the nature or stage at which goods are manufactured from raw materials to the point when they are ready for delivery. in the primary industry sector, production includes the extraction of raw materials, such as mineral ores or energy resources; the harvesting of agricultural products, fish stocks and timber; or the harnessing of energy from renewable resources
what are products?
goods that have been manufactured and are ready for sale
what is protectionism?
a deliberate policy by governments to impose restrictions on trades in goods and services with other countries- usually done with the intention of defending home-based industries from foreign competition
what is the protocol on environment protection to the Antarctic treaty?
protects antarctica from harmful human activities, designating the continent as a natural reserve, devoted at peace and science
what are raw material flows?
the movement or transport of the basic components from which more complex products are made, often developing to developed countries
what are remittances?
transfers of money made by foreign workers to family in their home country
what are repatriation of profits?
TNCs operating in foreign countries will normally send any profits made back to the TNC headquarters, this repatriation of profits is sometimes known as economic leakage
what is reshoring?
when companies return to using domestic suppliers because out-sourcing and offshoring has become too costly
what is sceptics?
hold the view that globalisation is nothing new and the world has always been integrated. they are sceptical of the free movement of goods aspect of the hyperglobalists view as many countries adopt protectionist measures. China, India and the USA have achieved their growth through government and upholding their sovereignty. sceptics also believe that globalisation marginalises the poot
what is sealing?
the hunting of seals for their pelts and blubber
what are security systems?
networks that work to protect countries, businesses or individuals
what are services?
structures or systems that supply a human need; for example, energy, water, transport or communications
what is social interdependence?
a country’s vision for human development, social well-being and human rights are increasingly interconnected with those of countries elsewhere
what is societal well-being?
the quality of life that is enabled through equal opportunities, adequate services and a thriving community setting
what is sovereignty?
the ability of a place and its people to self-govern without any outside interference
what is spatial organisation?
the geographical distribution across the glove of components of the production chain or financial system
what is special and differential treatment SDT?
the WTO forms special and differential treatment SDT agreements- these let the least developed countries bypass developed countries’ tariffs, which gives them greater market access
what is stability?
a resistance to negative change that strengthens a country or economy
what is structural adjustment programmes?
a set of measure and requirements that are intended to assist countries coping with difficulties that they agree to implement
what is sustainable development?
the progression of a country or economy that allows for current generations to meet their needs without compromising the ability or future generations to do the same
what are tariffs?
a tax or duty placed on imported goods with the intention of making them more expensive to consumers so that they do not sell at a lower price than home-based goods
what are technology flows?
transfer of technical resources and information, typically from developed to developing countries
what does top down mean?
when the decision to undertake projects or development is made by a central authority such as the government with little or no consultation with the local people whom it will affect e.g Lake Turkana fish processing plant, Kenya (failed)
what are trade agreements?
arrangements between countries relating to the exchange of goods and services
what are transformationalists?
hold a view in between the others two extremes. they accept the process of increasing globalisation but think that the role of governments is changing rather than being overtake by group decision-making. they also acknowledge the time- space compression through extensive networks and flows
what are transnational corporations TNCs?
an organisation that operates in one or more countries, with no centralised management a
system
what is the Trans-Pacific Partnership?
12 countries that border the Pacific Ocean signed up to the TPP in February 2016, representing roughly 40% of the worlds economic output
what are transport systems?
the means by which people and goods can travel or be moved between different countries
what are UN agencies?
autonomous organisations with the United Nations that work at an intergovernmental level on different aspects of international relations
what are unequal power relations?
some countries may have the capacity to control or heavily influence the actions of another country which has little or no capacity itself
what is the united nations convention on law of the sea?
a set of regulations concerning responsible use of marine resources and reducing chances of disagreements between countries with coastlines
what is the United Nations UN?
an intergovernmental organisation that was set up to facilitate and encourage international cooperation
what is the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)?
the united nations organisation responsible for promoting environmental sustainability and care?
what is vertical integration?
supply chain is owned entirely by TNC
what is vulnerability?
small-scale producers are liable to fail if there are: price fluctuations- banana wars, overproduction. disease or hurricane, war can devastate the crop of bananas
what is whaling?
the hunting of whales for their meat, oil and bones
what is the world bank?
provides long term investment loans for projects to reduce poverty. via the IDA (international development association) provides special interest- free loans to countries with very low per capita incomes (less than US$865 per year)
what is the world health organisation WHO?
main role is to direct and coordinate international health issues within the UN system. world health assembly is the governing and decision- making body for WHO- 194 member states meet each year to set out policy, e.g sets safety thresholds for air pollution
what is the world trade organisation WTO?
a body that supports the growth of international markets by establishing a basic framework of trade agreements acceptable to many
