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A2 Geography > Resource Security > Flashcards

Resource Security Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reserve?

A

The part of the resource that is available/viable to extract under existing economic, political and technological conditions.

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2
Q

What is Primary Energy (with an example)?

A

Resources used in their natural form to produce power. e.g. crude oil, wood

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3
Q

What is Secondary Energy (with an example)?

A

Resources from converting a primary energy source into a new form e.g petrol, electricity, charcoal

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4
Q

Definition of Possible Resources

A

Thought to exist but not sampled

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5
Q

Definition of Inferred Resources

A

Identified but not measured

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6
Q

Definition of Measured Resources

A

Size measured and known accurately, grade, quality known to allow to determine as proven reserves

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7
Q

Definition of Indicated Resources

A

Size of the reserve partly measured and the extent estimated

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8
Q

What is a Resource?

A

Any aspect of the natural environment that can be used to meet human needs

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9
Q

What is Resource Security?

A

Ability to safeguard reliable and sustainable flow of resources to maintain a suitable standard of living and allow for ongoing social and economic development

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10
Q

What three factors does resource security involve?

A

Physical; economic and geopolitical

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11
Q

What are Stock Resources with an example?

A

Non-renewable; finite supply can be permanently expendings; quantity in absolute amounts; compound deposits e.g. fossil fuels

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12
Q

What are Flow Resources with an example?

A

Renewable; can be replaced in a sufficiently short time to be relevant to decision makers; annual rates e.f. freshwater, solar

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13
Q

What are is a Critical Flow Resource with an example?

A

Flows that are only renewable if human use remains at or or below their capacity to reproduce/regenerate e.g timber

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14
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Continuous flow/ replaces itself

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15
Q

What are examples of critical renewable resources?

A

TImber (for charcoal/biomass)

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16
Q

What are the examples of non-critical renewable resources?

A

Solar/ wind/ tidal

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17
Q

What are non-renewable resources?

A

finite stock/supply

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18
Q

What is a recoverable reserve?

A

Amount of resources likely to be extracted for commercial use within a certain time period and at a certain level of extraction

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19
Q

What is a possible reserve?

A

Deposits thought to exist because geological terrain is similar to other areas that have yielded deposits but no exploration yet

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20
Q

What is the difference between a resource and reserve?

A

A resource is the entirety of a substance that can be used to meet human needs and a reserve is part of the resource that is economically, politically and technologically viable to extract.

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21
Q

What are the five stages of developing a resource?

A
  1. Exploration: locate a new resource and evaluate its extraction viability
  2. Exploitation: extract resource, prepare it for use and transport it
  3. Depletion: reserve begins to run out
  4. Development: new methods of extraction
  5. Exhaustion: reserve becomes so limited that it is not physically possible or economically viable to extract more.
22
Q

What are the physical risks to resource supply security?

A
  • avoiding interruptions to supply
  • Quality and quantity
  • physical location and accessibility
  • technology available to access the resource economically
23
Q

What are the geopolitical risks to resource supply security?

A
  • ensure not dependent on a small number of countries for production
  • physical supply disruption due to political interference on transit routes
  • market dominance by cartels (OPEC manipulates price/quantity)
24
Q

What two parameters is resource classification based on?

A

Geological certainty and profitability

25
Q

What is a Resource Frontier?

A

A place with abundant natural resources exploited for the first time. Often previously unexplored as geographically remote or difficult to access. Often natural environments with little human development and are a source of conflict. Increasing demand is increasing the economic viability of many resource frontiers.

26
Q

What is a national example of a resource frontier?

A

Scotland, North Sea Oil 1980s in periphery of UK; North Alaskan Oil for the USA

27
Q

What is a global example of a resource frontier?

A

Core = HICs, Periphery = LICs

28
Q

What is a resource peak?

A

Point of maximum production rate of a resource before production declines. Often point when resource is cheaper > as supplies decline sellers can increase prices/ extraction become more expensive as most accessible parts of the resource exhausted.

29
Q

Why might a second resource peak occur?

A

Developments in technology can result in the creation of a second peak or the slowing of depletion as hard to reach reserves can now be exploited

30
Q

What is Peak Oil?

A

1950s - the US oil forecast that production would peak in the late 1960s and then decline as despite increasing value of oil/ tech advances, resources would be unavailable

31
Q

Arguments for Peak Oil?

A
  • Discovery of new oil resources peaked in 1962, has since declined
  • Devastating impact of small drops in production
  • Dependence on oil for industrial and agricultural processes
  • Rising demand is not met by rising supply
32
Q

What is conventional oil and gas production?

A

Petroleum or crude oil and raw natural gas extracted from the ground by conventional means - primary drilling.

33
Q

What is Unconventional Production?

A

Hydrocarbon resevoirs that have low permeability and porosity, and are difficult to produce. They require enhanced recovery techniques, such as fracture simulation.

34
Q

What is Unconventional Production?

A

Hydrocarbon reservoirs that have low permeability and porosity, and are difficult to produce. They require enhanced recovery techniques, such as fracture simulation.

35
Q

What is our case study of a Resource Frontier?

A

ANWR

36
Q

What does ANWR stand for?

A

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

37
Q

Why has ANWR not been exploited?

A
  • Hard to access/ expensive as offshore Arctic circle/ permafrost
  • Little existing infrastructure
  • Legally protected through a drilling ban since 1980
38
Q

Why is ANWR now under threat?

A

In 2017, the republican senate included a provision to allow 1002 area within ANWR to be drilled. Construction of Trans-Alaskan pipeline improves economic/technological viability

39
Q

What area near ANWR has been exploited?

A

Prudhoe Bay

40
Q

Reducing Depletion as a sustainable resource development method

A
  • Use less of each resource
  • Increase rates of reuse and recycling
  • Increase exploration of new reserves/technological developments to improve extraction
41
Q

Minimising Environmental Impacts as a sustainable resource development method

A
  • Technological advances e.g. catalytic converters; flue-gas desulphurisation plant and carbon capture storage
42
Q

Seeking Alternative as a sustainable resource development method

A
  • Renewable energy resources
43
Q

What are two supply side management strategies for Sustainable Resource Development?

A
  • Increasing exploitation of existing on-renewable resources

- More sustainable alternative or substitute resources to replace unsustainable ones

44
Q

What are three demand side management strategies for Sustainable Resource Development?

A
  • Changing individual behaviour and lifestyle to discourage wasteful and/or extravagant use of resources
  • Reducing population growth with population control methods to ensure less pressure on resources
45
Q

What is an Environmental Impact Assessment?

A

It anticipates the likely impacts of a resource extraction on the environment and humans and then modify the the project to minimise the negative impacts.

46
Q

What is the aim of an Environmental Impact Assessment?

A

Assess impacts of/quantifies changing land use on environment
Environmental/economic factors equally important
Enables decision makers with full knowledge of environmental consequences
Suggest modifications/alternatives

47
Q

What are the Six main stages of EIA?

A
  1. Outline development
  2. Describing existing environment
  3. Assess likely impacts
  4. Propose modifications to reduce impacts
  5. Publish environmental statement
  6. Decision made
48
Q

What is recharge?

A

A hydrological process involving the downward movement of water by infiltration and percolation causing the replenishment of natural groundwater

49
Q

What is abstraction?

A

Removal of water available in the environment - either permanently or temporarily

50
Q

What is Virtual Water?

A

Hidden flow of water if food or other commodities are traded from one place to another

51
Q

What are five examples of the types of issues identified by the EIA?

A
  • Disturbance of land
  • Contamination of surface water from spillage
  • Seepage into groundwater supplies from tailings and waste rock dumps
  • Road traffic > greenhouse gases > control idling of engines
  • Radiation levels from heavy metals

A2 Geography (17 decks)

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