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A2 Geography > Global Governance (with Antarctica) > Flashcards

Global Governance (with Antarctica) Flashcards

1
Q

What are four ways TNCs form links between countries?

A
  • MErgers
  • Acquisitions
  • Offshoring/outsourcing
  • Global supply chains
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2
Q

What is Global governance?

A

Rules, norms and laws that make and remake global systems, deal with issues that cannot be solved by any one state

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3
Q

What are some examples of international organisations involved in global governance?

A
  • WTO
  • WB
  • World Health Organisation
  • IMF
  • UN
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4
Q

What is a Global Common?

A

Resources with no national governance/outside domain of one state but used jointly/shared by all people. Brings economic benefits to all and is a common heritage of mankind

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5
Q

What are the four Global Commons?

A
  1. High Seas
  2. Antarctica
  3. Atmosphere
  4. Outer Space
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6
Q

Common Heritage of Mankind

A

belong to all humanity and the resources are available for everyone’s use and benefit

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7
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

Common access to resources inevitable results in resources being over-exploited as individuals put their needs and desire not to lose out over collective need

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8
Q

What is an NGO?

A

Non-Governmental Organisation

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9
Q

What is an Advocacy NGO?

A

Campaign to raise awareness

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10
Q

What is an operational NGO?

A

Frontline support services for those in need

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11
Q

What is an International Treaty that protects the High Seas?

A

UN Convention on the Law of the Seas

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12
Q

What is an International Treaty that protects Outer Space?

A

Moon Treaty

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13
Q

What is an International Treaty that protects Antarctica?

A

Antarctic Treaty System and Protocol on Environmental Protection

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14
Q

What is an International Treaty that protects the Atmosphere?

A

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

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15
Q

Why is globalisation a threat to the High Seas?

A
  • Increased international trade/increased potential markets > overfishing/pollution
  • Development/transfer of transport technology > inaccessible areas become accessible > overfishing/mining
  • Increase in industry > discharge of chemical waste/acidification of ocean
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16
Q

What is the Antarctic Convergence Zone?

A

Warmer sub-Antarctic and colder Antarctic water’s meet > upwelling of warm water returns nutrients to the surface > increased photosynthesis > high primary productivity

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17
Q

What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current?

A

Surface current with flows eastward around Antarctica and blocks warmer water travelling South

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18
Q

What is Isostatic Depression?

A

Sinking of crust into the asthenosphere due to heavy weight of glacial ice

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19
Q

Why is the Antarctic Convergence Zone important for the ecosystem?

A

It creates a zone of high primary productivity by returning unusable nutrients to the surface

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20
Q

What is the Precipitation like in Antarctica?

A

Low > less than 50mm per year

21
Q

What are the Katabatic Winds like in Antarctica?

A

Strong downhill flowing winds (highlands radiate heat and cool > more dense)

22
Q

What is the Temperature like in Antarctica?

A

Low (average -49 C)

23
Q

Why does tourism pose a threat to Antarctica?

A
  • Pollution > oil spills, Mount Erebus Air Crash
  • Expensive
  • Evidence that breeding sites of birds near Antarctic bases are disturbed
  • Potential sources of damage > waste
24
Q

Why would tourism be one of the best ways to protect Antarctica?

A

Raises awareness of need for conservation (Scott Polar Research Institute)

25
Q

Why does climate change pose a threat to Antarctica?

A
  • Western sea ice shrinking
  • Changing sea ice conditions > changes distribution of penguin colonies > adelie/emperor down and chinstrap up
  • Less sea ice leading to less under shelf algae > declining krill numbers (down 80% since 70s)
  • Ocean acidification > damage to plankton/marine snails > impact on food web
  • Global rising sea levels (up 3mm since 1990)
26
Q

Why does fishing & whaling pose a threat to Antarctica?

A
  • Whale decrease (275,000 before 20th century > 2000 by 1964)
  • Whaling has slowed due to IWC/IWM but still continues
  • Long line fishing > species such as Patagonian endangered
  • Depletion of krill
27
Q

Why might Antarctica be more at risk from future search for minerals?

A
  • Increasing population/development > increased demand
  • Technological advances
  • Melting sea ice increasing accessibility > making mining more economically viable
28
Q

What is the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling?

A

Complete protection of certain whale species. Designated areas as whale sanctuaries in Southern Ocean. Limits on numbers and sizes of whales.

29
Q

What is the International Whaling Moratorium?

A

Ban on commercial whaling

30
Q

Strengths of International Whaling Moratorium

A
  • Decreased levels of whaling
  • Allows whale stocks to recover/preventing extinction
  • Increased social and political costs of whaling
31
Q

Weaknesses of International Whaling Moratorium

A
  • Agreements require a majority vote
  • Voluntary > can exempt yourself by lodging a complain e.g. Russia objected and Norway/Iceland continued to whale
  • Aboriginal hunting continues in USA
  • No monitoring of whale numbers so its difficult to truly estimate impact
32
Q

What is the Antarctic Treaty System?

A

Should be used for peaceful purposes, should cooperate on/share scientific research and remain a global common

33
Q

Strengths of the Antarctic Treaty System

A
  • Set aside territorial claim

- Successful disarmament regime

34
Q

Weaknesses of the Antarctic Treaty System

A
  • Freezes territorial claims doesn’t negate them
  • Consensus needed so its slow
  • Growing superpowers ignore agreed regulations
35
Q

What is the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition?

A

A group of 30 NGOs

36
Q

Strengths of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition

A
  • Campaigned to make Antarctic Treaty meetings more transparent
  • Monitor environmental changes
  • Raise awareness of environmental issues e.g. ‘Krill Gotten Gains’ Greenpeace
  • No bias
  • Essential to ensuring the success of international agreements
37
Q

Weaknesses of the Antarctic and Southern OCean Coalition

A
  • Cannot make a direct impact

- More difficult to gain international governments attention

38
Q

What is the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty?

A

A nature reserve and ensures all activities must have an environmental impact assessment and bans mining

39
Q

Strengths of Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

A
  • Protects the global common from damage

- Prevents the tragedy of the commons

40
Q

Weaknesses of Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

A
  • BAn on mining prohibition in 2048 could be overturned (if 75% of parties agree)
  • Environmental audits are mainly of bases onland and not those in maritime areas
41
Q

What is the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities?

A

An agreement to manage the exploitation and the development of Antarctica’s non-renewable resources - did not pass.

42
Q

What is the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators?

A

Self-regulates tourism in Antarctica e.g. guidelines, limits numbers of visitors taken ashore, encourage conservation talks, prohibits waste.

43
Q

What is the United Nations Environment Programme?

A

UN agency governing the world’s environment, reports Antarctic activity to the UN

44
Q

Strengths of the UN Environment Programme

A
  • Discusses questions of Antarctica on a global scale
45
Q

Weaknesses of the UN Environment Programme

A
  • Relies on voluntary donations
  • Part of the general assembly so lacks decision making/direct impact
  • Relies on environment ministers who lack political clout
46
Q

What are International Laws?

A

Legally bindings rules established through international agreements

47
Q

What are International Norms?

A

Accepted standards of behaviour

48
Q

What are International Institutions?

A

Political and legal organisations that pass laws/discuss issues/disputes on an international scale e.g. UN and WTO

A2 Geography (17 decks)

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